<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ivm</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международный вестник ветеринарии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>International Journal of Veterinary Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-2419</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SpbGUVM Publishing House</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52419/issn2072-2419.2024.3.429</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ivm-1489</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКУШЕРСТВО, ГИНЕКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OBSTETRICS, GYNECOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сравнительный анализ фенотипических и генетических корреляций между зоотехническими признаками у домашних северных оленей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparative analysis of phenotypic and genetic correlations between zootechnical traits in domestic reindeer</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3584-8381</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Южаков</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yuzhakov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Южаков А.А. – д-р с.-х. наук, отдел животноводства и рационального природопользования Арктики </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuzhakov A.A. – Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Husbandry and Rational Nature Management of the Arctic</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9478-267X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Свищёва</surname><given-names>Г. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Svischeva</surname><given-names>G. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Свищёва Г.Р. – канд. биол. наук, лаборатория сравнительной генетики животных</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svischeva G.R. – Candidate of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Comparative Animal Genetics</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9276-0407</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сёмина</surname><given-names>М. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Semina</surname><given-names>M. T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сёмина М.Т. – лаборатория сравнительной генетики животных</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Semina M.T. – Laboratory of Comparative Animal Genetics</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2537-1900</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Столповский</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stolpovsky</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Столповский Ю.А. – д-р биол. наук, лаборатория сравнительной генетики животных</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Stolpovsky Yu.A. – Doctor of Biology. Sci. (Vet.), Laboratory of Comparative Animal Genetics</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2490-6942</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лайшев</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Laishev</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лайшев К.А. – д-р ветеринар. наук, отдел животноводства и рационального природопользования Арктики </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laishev K.A. – Doctor of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Husbandry and Rational Nature Management of the Arctic</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">layshev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский федеральный исследовательский центр РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт общей генетики им. Н.И. Вавилова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>429</fpage><lpage>442</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Южаков А.А., Свищёва Г.Р., Сёмина М.Т., Столповский Ю.А., Лайшев К.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Южаков А.А., Свищёва Г.Р., Сёмина М.Т., Столповский Ю.А., Лайшев К.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yuzhakov A.A., Svischeva G.R., Semina M.T., Stolpovsky Y.A., Laishev K.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vetjournal.spbguvm.ru/jour/article/view/1489">https://vetjournal.spbguvm.ru/jour/article/view/1489</self-uri><abstract><p>Исследования проводились с целью определения возможности использования фенотипических корреляций между признаками в качестве косвенного показателя генетических корреляций у домашних северных оленей (Rangifer tarandus L.). Оценка фенотипических показателей экстерьера и живой массы северных оленей была проведена на Ямальской опытной станции - обособленном структурном подразделении ФГБУН ФИЦ Тюменский научный центр СО РАН. Объектом исследования была популяционная выборка из 94 взрослых самок ненецкой породы, отобранных случайным образом, без пороков телосложения и имевших теленка. в октябре 2020 года. Всего было обследовано 94 важенки (взрослых самок) в возрасте от 3 до 9 лет. Животные были упитанными, имели теленка и не имели видимых пороков телосложения. В выборке наблюдались высокие положительные фенотипические корреляции между «высотой в холке» и «высотой в локте» (0.84), «высотой в холке» и «глубиной груди» (0.71), «живой массой» и «обхватом груди» (0.63), а также между «живой массой» и «глубиной груди» (0.6). Генетические корреляции между признаками, вычисленные по генотипам микросателлитных маркеров, показали сопоставимые результаты. Для пары промеров «высота в холке» и «высота в локте» генетическая корреляция составила около 0.83, а для пары «высота в холке» и «глубина груди» - около 0.71. Результаты сравнительного анализа между фенотипическими и генетическими корреляционными матрицами продемонстрировали высокую степень согласованности. Было показано, что для селекции северных оленей по живой массе и линейным размерам тела фенотипические корреляции потенциально могут использоваться в качестве косвенного показателя генетических корреляций.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The study was conducted to determine the possibility of using phenotypic correlations between traits as an indirect indicator of genetic correlations in domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.). The assessment of phenotypic parameters of the exterior and live weight of reindeer was carried out at the Yamal Experimental Station, a separate structural subdivision of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, the Tyumen Scientific Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The object of the study was a population sample of 94 adult females of the Nenets breed, selected at random, without constitution defects and having a calf. in October 2020. A total of 94 does (adult females) aged 3 to 9 years were examined. The animals were well-fed, had a calf and had no visible constitution defects. The sample showed high positive phenotypic correlations between “height at withers” and “height at elbow” (=0.84), “height at withers” and “chest depth” (=0.71), “live weight” and “chest girth” (=0.63), as well as between “live weight” and “chest depth” (=0.6). Genetic correlations between traits calculated using genotypes of microsatellite markers showed comparable results. For the pair of measurements “height at withers” and “height at elbow”, the genetic correlation was about 0.83, and for the pair “height at withers” and “chest depth” it was about 0.71. The results of comparative analysis between phenotypic and genetic correlation matrices demonstrated a high degree of consistency. It has been shown that phenotypic correlations can potentially be used as an indirect indicator of genetic correlations for reindeer selection for live weight and linear body dimensions.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>северные олени</kwd><kwd>селекция</kwd><kwd>фенотип</kwd><kwd>фенотипические корреляции</kwd><kwd>генетические корреляции</kwd><kwd>коэффициент наследования</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>reindeer</kwd><kwd>selection</kwd><kwd>phenotype</kwd><kwd>phenotypic correlations</kwd><kwd>genetic correlations</kwd><kwd>heritability coefficient</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Материалы подготовлены в рамках регионального конкурса Российского научного фонда № 22-16-00062 и, частично, в рамках при финансовой поддержке Министерства образования и науки, проект FFZF-2022-0016. «Разработка фундаментальных, методологических и технологических основ увеличения производства сельскохозяйственной продукции на Северо-Западе и в Арктической зоне РФ, обеспечивающие пр</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The materials were prepared within the framework of the regional competition of the Russian Science Foundation No. 22-16-00062 and, partially, within the framework of the FFZF-2022-0016 project with the financial support of the Ministry of Education and Science. "Development of fundamental, methodological and technological foundations for increasing agricultural production in the North-West and in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, ensuring food and environmental safety of the regions" – 122041900025-6.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Скуридин Г. М., Коваль С.Ф. Идентификация генотипа по фенотипу с помощью корреляций признаков. // Информационный вестник ВОГиС, 2002. 6(19): p. 3-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skuridin G. M., Koval S. F. Identification of genotype by phenotype using correlations of traits. // Information Bulletin of VOGIS, 2002. 6 (19): p. 3-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sodini S.M. et al. Comparison of genotypic and phenotypic correlations: Cheverud’s conjecture in humans. //Genetics, 2018. 209 (3): p. 941-948.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sodini S. M. et al. Comparison of genotypic and phenotypic correlations: Cheverud’s conjecture in humans. // Genetics, 2018. 209 (3): p. 941-948.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheverud J. M. A comparison of genetic and phenotypic correlations //Evolution, 1988. 42(5): p. 958-968.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheverud J. M. A comparison of genetic and phenotypic correlations // Evolution, 1988. 42 (5): p. 958-968.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Waitt D.E., Levin D.A. Genetic and phenotypic correlations in plants: a botanical test of Cheverud's conjecture //Heredity, 1998. 80(3): p. 310-319.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Waitt D. E., Levin D. A. Genetic and phenotypic correlations in plants: a botanical test of Cheverud's conjecture //Heredity, 1998. 80(3): p. 310-319.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ackermann R.R., Cheverud J.M. Discerning evolutionary processes in patterns of tamarin (genus Saguinus) craniofacial variation //American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 2002. 117(3): p. 260-271.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ackermann R.R., Cheverud J.M. Discerning evolutionary processes in patterns of tamarin (genus Saguinus) craniofacial variation //American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 2002. 117(3): p. 260-271.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reusch T. Blanckenhorn W. Quantitative genetics of the dung fly Sepsis cynipsea: Cheverud's conjecture revisited. //Heredity, 1998. 81(1): p. 111-119.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reusch T. Blanckenhorn W. Quantitative genetics of the dung fly Sepsis cynipsea: Cheverud's conjecture revisited. //Heredity, 1998. 81(1): p. 111-119.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Деряженцев В.Т., Шифнер К.Г. Наследственность и коррелятивные связи некоторых хозяйственно-полезных признаков северных оленей. //Науч. тр, Магадан. зон. НИИСХ Северо-Востока. 1978(7): p. 4-11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Derjazhentsev V.T., Shifner K.G. Heredity and correlation links of some economically useful traits of reindeer. // Nauch. tr., Magadan. zone. Research Institute of Agriculture of the North-East. 1978(7): p. 4-11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рожков Ю.И., Проняев А.В. Коэффициенты сходства между популяциями по количественным признакам и генотипам. //Сельскохозяйственная биология. 1992(6): p. 26-35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rozhkov Yu.I., Pronyaev A.V. Similarity coefficients between populations by quantitative traits and genotypes. // Agricultural biology. 1992(6): p. 26-35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Южаков А.А, Романенко Т.М., Лайшев К.А. Феногеографическая изменчивость северных оленей ненецкой породы // Известия Санкт-Петербургского государственного аграрного университета. 2017(2 (47)): p. 115-122.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuzhakov A.A., Romanenko T.M., Laishev K.A. Phenogeographic variability of reindeer of the Nenets breed // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg State Agrarian University. 2017(2 (47)): p. 115-122.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Южаков, А.А О наследуемости и повторяемости живой массы у северных оленей //Сибирский вестник сельскохозяйственной науки 2003(3): p. 165-167.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuzhakov, A.A. On the heritability and repeatability of live weight in reindeer // Siberian Bulletin of Agricultural Science 2003(3): p. 165-167.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Южаков А.А., Лайшев К.А., Забродин В.А. Влияние наследственных и паратипических факторов на мясную продуктивность домашних северных оленей // Аграрный вестник Урала. 2020(11 (202)): p. 93-100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuzhakov A.A., Laishev K.A., Zbrodin V.A. Influence of hereditary and paratypic factors on meat productivity of domestic reindeer // Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals. 2020(11 (202)): p. 93-100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Røed K.H. et al. Genetic analyses reveal independent domestication origins of Eurasian reindeer //Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2008. 275 (1645): p. 1849-1855.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Røed K.H. et al. Genetic analyses reveal independent domestication origins of Eurasian reindeer // Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2008. 275 (1645): p. 1849-1855.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McLoughlin P.D. et al. Genetic diversity and relatedness of boreal caribou populations in western Canada //Biological Conservation. 2004. 118(5): p. 593-598.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McLoughlin P.D. et al. Genetic diversity and relatedness of boreal caribou populations in western Canada //Biological Conservation. 2004. 118(5): p. 593-598.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Colson K.E., Mager K.H., Hundertmark K.J. Reindeer introgression and the population genetics of caribou in southwestern Alaska //Journal of Heredity. 2014. 105(5): p. 585-596.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Colson K.E., Mager K.H., Hundertmark K.J. Reindeer introgression and the population genetics of caribou in southwestern Alaska // Journal of Heredity. 2014. 105(5): p. 585-596.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhai J.-C. et al. Analysis on genetic diversity of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in the Greater Khingan Mountains using microsatellite markers //Zoological studies. 2017. 56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhai J.-C. et al. Analysis on genetic diversity of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in the Greater Khingan Mountains using microsatellite markers //Zoological studies. 2017. 56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kashtanov S.N., Zakharov E.S., Semina M.T. et al. Genetic Structure of Domesticated Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) Populations in the Central Siberian Plateau and Adjacent Areas //Russian Journal of Genetics. 2024. 60(1): p. 121-125.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kashtanov S.N., Zakharov E.S., Semina M.T. et al. Genetic Structure of Domesticated Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) Populations in the Central Siberian Plateau and Adjacent Areas //Russian Journal of Genetics. 2024. 60(1): p. 121-125.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Семина М.Т., Свищева Г.Р., Сипко Т.П. и др. Популяционная структура домашних и диких популяций северного оленя (Rangifer tarandus) //Материалы научной конференции с международным участием, посвященной 50-летнему юбилею лаборатории популяционной генетики им. Ю. П. Алтухова ИОГен РАН. 2022. С. 53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semina M.T., Svishcheva G.R., Sipko T.P. et al. Population structure of domestic and wild populations of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) // Proceedings of the scientific conference with international participation dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Yu. P. Altukhov Laboratory of Population Genetics, Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences. 2022. P. 53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дьяченко Н.А. Рекомендации по племенной работе в северном оленеводстве. 1970.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dyachenko N.A. Recommendations for breeding work in northern reindeer herding. 1970.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Столповский Ю.А., Бабаян О.В., Каштанов С.Н. и др. Генетическая оценка пород северного оленя (Rangifer tarandus) и их дикого предка с помощью новой панели STR–маркеров //Генетика. 2020. Т. 56. № 12. С. 1410–1426.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stolpovsky Yu.A., Babayan O.V., Kashtanov S.N. et al. Genetic assessment of reindeer breeds (Rangifer tarandus) and their wild ancestor using a new panel of STR markers // Genetics. 2020. Vol. 56. No. 12. Pp. 1410–1426.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jombart, T. Adegenet: a R package for the multivariate analysis of genetic markers //Bioinformatics. 2008. 24(11): p. 1403-1405.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jombart, T. Adegenet: a R package for the multivariate analysis of genetic markers // Bioinformatics. 2008. 24(11): p. 1403–1405.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paradis, E. Pegas: an R package for population genetics with an integrated–modular approach //Bioinformatics 2010. 26(3): p. 419-420.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paradis, E. Pegas: an R package for population genetics with an integrated–modular approach // Bioinformatics 2010. 26(3): p. 419–420.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kamvar Z.N., Tabima J.F., Grünwald N.J. Poppr: an R package for genetic analysis of populations with clonal, partially clonal, and/or sexual reproduction //PeerJ, 2014. 2: p. e281.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kamvar Z.N., Tabima J.F., Grünwald N.J. Poppr: an R package for genetic analysis of populations with clonal, partially clonal, and/or sexual reproduction //PeerJ, 2014. 2: p. e281.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adamack A.T., Gruber B. PopGenReport: simplifying basic population genetic analyses in R //Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 2014. 5(4): p. 384-387.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adamack A.T., Gruber B. PopGenReport: simplifying basic population genetic analyzes in R //Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 2014. 5(4): p. 384-387.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suzuki R., Shimodaira H. Pvclust: an R package for assessing the uncertainty in hierarchical clustering //Bioinformatics. 2006. 22(12): p. 1540-1542.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suzuki R., Shimodaira H. Pvclust: an R package for assessing the uncertainty in hierarchical clustering // Bioinformatics. 2006. 22(12): p. 1540-1542.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goudet J. Hierfstat, a package for R to compute and test hierarchical F‐statistics. // Molecular Ecology Notes. 2005. 5(1): p. 184-186.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goudet J. Hierfstat, a package for R to compute and test hierarchical F‐statistics. // Molecular Ecology Notes. 2005. 5(1): p. 184-186.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agapow P.M., Burt A. Indices of multilocus linkage disequilibrium //Molecular Ecology Notes. 2001. 1(1‐2): p. 101-102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agapow P.M., Burt A. Indices of multilocus linkage disequilibrium //Molecular Ecology Notes. 2001. 1(1‐2): p. 101-102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brown A., Feldman M., Nevo E. Multilocus structure of natural populations of Hordeum spontaneum //Genetics. 1980. 96 (2): p. 523-536.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brown A., Feldman M., Nevo E. Multilocus structure of natural populations of Hordeum spontaneum //Genetics. 1980. 96 (2): p. 523-536.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kraft P., Chen H., Lindström S. The Use of Genetic Correlation and Mendelian Randomization Studies to Increase Our Understanding of Relationships between Complex Traits //Current Epidemiology Reports. 2020. 7: p. 104-112.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kraft P., Chen H., Lindström S. The Use of Genetic Correlation and Mendelian Randomization Studies to Increase Our Understanding of Relationships between Complex Traits // Current Epidemiology Reports. 2020. 7: p. 104-112.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
