ivmМеждународный вестник ветеринарииInternational Journal of Veterinary Medicine2072-2419SpbGUVM Publishing House10.52419/issn2072-2419.2025.2.190ivm-1707Research ArticleЗООГИГИЕНА, САНИТАРИЯ, КОРМЛЕНИЕZOOHYGIENE, SANITATION, FEEDINGАктуальность поиска маркеров и индикаторов термотолерантности у крупного рогатого скота (обзор)The relevance of the search for markers and indicators of thermal tolerance in cattle (review)https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1184-3188СафинаН. Ю.SafinaN Y.

канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр.

Candidate of Biological Sciences, Senior Researcher

natysafina@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9299-2104МуханинаЕ. Н.MakhoninaE. N.

канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр. 

Candidate of Biological Sciences, Senior Researcher 

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3362-0463ШакировШ. К.ShakirovS. K.

д-р с.-х. наук, проф., гл. науч. сотр. 

Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Chief Researcher

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2970-1500ГайнутдиноваЭ. Р.GainutdinovaE. R.

асп., науч. сотр. 

Graduate student, Researcher 

Татарский научно-исследовательский институт сельского хозяйства ФИЦ КазНЦ РАНРоссияTatar Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture “Kazan Scientific Center of Russia Academy of Sciences”Russian Federation20250108202502190200Copyright © Сафина Н.Ю., Муханина Е.Н., Шакиров Ш.К., Гайнутдинова Э.Р., 20252025Сафина Н.Ю., Муханина Е.Н., Шакиров Ш.К., Гайнутдинова Э.Р.Safina N.Y., Makhonina E.N., Shakirov S.K., Gainutdinova E.R.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vetjournal.spbguvm.ru/jour/article/view/1707

Эффективность животноводства, особенно молочного, в условиях глобального потепления определяется комплексом факторов: климатическими условиями (тепловой стресс), кормовой базой, физиологическим состоянием животных и их генетической адаптивностью. Повышенные температуры провоцируют у скота комплексные нарушения, включая метаболические расстройства и снижение продуктивности. На фоне климатических изменений влияние теплового стресса на крупный рогатый скот представляет серьёзную проблему для животноводства. Цель обзора: рассмотреть признаки адаптивных качеств и термотолерантности крупного рогатого скота. Исследования отечественных и зарубежных авторов показывают, что при превышении температурно-влажностного индекса (ТВИ) выше порогового значения (> 66) у животных наблюдаются физиологические нарушения (рост ректальной температуры, учащение дыхания и др.), поведенческие изменения (снижение активности, уменьшение потребления корма и др.), биохимические сдвиги (повышение кортизола, рост кетоновых тел и др.), снижение продуктивности (падение удоев, снижение содержания массовой доли жира и белка, изменение жирнокислотного состава, сокращение приростов живой массы), ухудшение репродуктивных функций (снижение оплодотворяемости, и ухудшение подвижности сперматозоиды). Исследования генетических показателей выявили ключевые маркеры термотолерантности, включая гены белков и факторов теплового шока (HSP и HSF), антиоксидантных ферментов, гены иммунитета и метаболизма. Однако селекция осложняется антагонизмом между продуктивностью и устойчивостью к стрессу. Для минимизации последствий негативного воздействия теплового стресса рекомендуется контролировать микроклимат (вентиляция, охлаждение) в животноводческих помещениях, оптимизировать кормление (вводить добавки антиоксидантов и витаминов) и применять, наряду с методами традиционной селекции, генетический отбор с использованием GWAS-анализа.

The efficiency of livestock farming, especially dairy farming, in the context of global warming is determined by a complex of factors: climatic conditions (heat stress), feed base, physiological state of animals and their genetic adaptability. Elevated temperatures provoke complex disorders in cattle, including metabolic disorders and decreased productivity. Against the background of climate change, the impact of heat stress on cattle is a serious problem for animal husbandry. The objective of the review: to consider the signs of adaptive qualities and thermotolerance of cattle. In the context of climate change, heat stress in cattle is becoming a major concern for the livestock industry. Studies of domestic and foreign authors show that when the temperature-humidity index (THI) exceeds the threshold value (> 66), animals experience physiological disorders (increase in rectal temperature, increased respiration, etc.), behavioral changes (decreased activity, reduced feed intake, etc.), biochemical shifts (increased cortisol, increased ketone bodies, etc.), and biochemical changes (increased cortisol, increased ketone bodies, etc.). ), biochemical shifts (increase in cortisol, increase in ketone bodies, etc.), decrease in productivity (decrease in milk yield, decrease in fat and protein mass fraction, change in fatty acid composition, decrease in live weight gain), deterioration of reproductive functions (decrease in fertilizability, and deterioration in sperm motility). Genetic studies have identified key markers of thermotolerance, including genes for heat shock proteins and factors (HSP and HSF), antioxidant enzymes, immunity and metabolism genes. However, selection is complicated by antagonism between productivity and stress tolerance. To minimize the consequences of negative effects of heat stress, it is recommended to control microclimate (ventilation, cooling) in livestock buildings, optimize feeding (introduction of antioxidant and vitamin supplements) and apply, along with traditional breeding methods, genetic selection using GWAS-analysis.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.