This article presents a comprehensive analysis of contemporary approaches for detecting genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food products, animal feed, and grain, with a specific focus on molecular genetic methods and the regulatory framework within the Russian Federation. The analysis draws upon a review of regulatory acts, scientific publications, and open-source review materials spanning the past decade. The retrospective review concentrated specifically on aspects of GMO detection employing molecular genetic techniques. Analysis of regulatory documents and scientific literature established the legislative foundation governing genetic engineering operations and GMO circulation in Russia. This framework encompasses Federal Law No. 86 (On Genetic Engineering Activities) and Federal Law No. 52 (On Sanitary and Epidemiological Well-being). Furthermore, the study examined definitions pertinent to GMOs and genetically modified (GM)- derived materials, alongside potential risks associated with their application. These risks encompass implications for human health (allergenicity, metabolic effects), the environment (emergence of resistant weeds, genetic contamination), and global security. The review also delineated threshold levels for permissible and non-permissible GM lines in food and feed, as well as requirements for mandatory "GMO" product labeling. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is identified as the primary detection methodology. The critical importance of standardizing laboratory procedures, preventing contamination, and implementing stringent quality control measures is emphasized. Consequently, the Russian Federation has established a robust, detailed, and precautionary regulatory system for GMOs. This system integrates rigorous legislative norms, precise control procedures, and standardized high-precision molecular diagnostic methods to ensure product safety.