ivmМеждународный вестник ветеринарииInternational Journal of Veterinary Medicine2072-2419SpbGUVM Publishing House10.52419/issn2072-2419.2026.1.62ivm-1990Research ArticleИНФЕКЦИОННЫЕ БОЛЕЗНИINFECTIOUS DISEASESСовременные достижения в диагностике и лечении калицивироза кошек (обзорная статья)Current advances in the diagnosis and treatment of feline calicivirushttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9839-3310ДанниковС. П.DannikovS. P.

д-р биол. наук, доц. проф. каф. физиологии, хирургии и акушерства

Doctor of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Physiology, Surgery, and Obstetrics 

ds.as@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3999-5362ШаховаВ. Н.ShakhovaV. N.

д-р биол. наук, доц. проф. каф. терапии и фармакологии

Doctor of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Therapy and Pharmacology

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6856-4932ГвоздецкийН. А.GvozdetskyN. A.

канд. вет. наук, доцент базовой кафедры эпизоотологии и микробиологии 

Candidate of Veterinary Sciences, Associate Professor of  the Department of Epizootology and Microbiology

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4445-7638КвочкоА. Н.KvochkoA. N.

д-р биол. наук, проф., зав каф. физиологии, хирургии и акушерства

Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Head of the  Department of Physiology, Surgery, and Obstetrics 

ФГБОУ ВО «Ставропольский государственный аграрный университет»РоссияStavropol State Agrarian UniversityRussian Federation202630042026016276Copyright © Данников С.П., Шахова В.Н., Гвоздецкий Н.А., Квочко А.Н., 20262026Данников С.П., Шахова В.Н., Гвоздецкий Н.А., Квочко А.Н.Dannikov S.P., Shakhova V.N., Gvozdetsky N.A., Kvochko A.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vetjournal.spbguvm.ru/jour/article/view/1990

Проанализированы и обобщены результаты научных исследований по вопросам диагностики и лечения калицивироза кошек. Выяснено, что для создания новых эффективных наборов праймеров для диагностики FCV методом ПЦР необходим непрерывный мониторинг филогенетических и молекулярно-генетических характеристик этого вируса. Ротовая полость – предпочтительное место взятия образцов для выявления FCV. Создан метод на основе ПЦР с обратной транскрипцией и трансрасщепляющей активностью CRISPR-Cas13a, метод ERA в сочетании с LFD, нацеленный на позицию FCV-ORF1, а также флуоресцентный изотермический анализ с использованием RPA для быстрого выявления FCV. Разработан сверхчувствительный метод визуального обнаружения FCV и FHV-1 с помощью однопробирочного анализа dRPACas12a/Cas13a, метод тройной наноПЦР для выявления FCV, FPV и FHV-1, метод флуоресцентной количественной ПЦР TaqMan MGB для одновременного выявления FPV и FHV-1, FCV и FIPV. Также в рамках одной ПЦР стало возможным одновременно обнаружить и генетически различить вакцинальные и полевые штаммы вируса. Эффективная системная противовирусная терапия при FCV в настоящий момент не разработана, в связи с чем поддерживающая и симптоматическая терапия, а также качественный уход и кормление занимают одну из ключевых позиций в лечении инфицированных кошек. Клинические исследования показали, что нитазоксанид, мизорибин, CpG49 обладают противовирусной активностью, а для местного применения хороший эффект показал PSSNa. Введение антител против FHV-1 и FCV приводит к сравнительно быстрому снижению тяжести респираторных симптомов и улучшению общего самочувствия. Имеются сведения о положительном влиянии на больных калицивирозом кошек и их клинико-лабораторные показатели препаратов «Ронколейкин» и «Гамапрен», а применение интреферона кошки в сочетании с «Ремаксолом» оказывает положительное влияние на баланс про- и антиоксидантов. В исследованиях in vitro в отношении FCV раскрыт сильный ингибирующий эффект мефлохина, AZD6244, склареола, NTZ, 2CMC, NITD-008, хлорида меди и хлорида лития. Обнаружено противовирусное действие некоторых растительных экстрактов, ICA, FMN и CPAE. Сверхэкспрессия сурвивина приводит к снижению инфицирования FCV. Секретом мезенхимальных стволовых клеток кошек не препятствует проникновению вирусов FCV в клетки CRFK, но оказывает противовирусное действие на репликацию вируса. Имеются сведения о потенциальном терапевтическом применении РНК-интерференции при FCV.

This review summarizes and analyzes the results of scientific research on the diagnosis and treatment of feline calicivirus (FCV) infection. It has been established that continuous monitoring of the phylogenetic and molecular-genetic characteristics of FCV is essential for developing new effective primer sets for its PCR-based diagnosis. The oral cavity is identified as the preferred site for sample collection for FCV detection. Various advanced diagnostic methods have been developed, including a reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) method with CRISPRCas13a trans-cleavage activity, the ERA method combined with LFD (Lateral Flow Device) targeting the FCV-ORF1 region, and fluorescent isothermal analysis using Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) for rapid FCV detection. Additionally, an ultrasensitive visual detection method for FCV and FHV-1 using a single-tube dRPA-Cas12a/Cas13a assay, a triple nanoPCR method for FCV, FPV, and FHV-1 detection, and a TaqMan MGB fluorescent quantitative PCR method for simultaneous detection of FPV, FHV-1, FCV, and FIPV have been developed. Furthermore, a single PCR assay has enabled the simultaneous detection and genetic differentiation of vaccine and field strains of the virus. Effective systemic antiviral therapy for FCV is currently not developed. Consequently, supportive and symptomatic therapy, along with high-quality nursing care and feeding, play a key role in the management of infected cats. Clinical studies have shown that nitazoxanide, mizoribine, and CpG49 possess antiviral activity, while PSSNa has demonstrated good efficacy for topical application. Administration of antibodies against FHV-1 and FCV leads to a relatively rapid reduction in the severity of respiratory symptoms and overall improvement in well-being. There is evidence of a positive effect of "Roncoleukin" and "Gamapren" on FCVinfected cats and their clinical and laboratory parameters, while the administration of feline interferon combined with "Remaxol" positively influences the pro- and antioxidant balance. In vitro studies have revealed a strong inhibitory effect against FCV by mefloquine, AZD6244, sclareol, NTZ, 2CMC, NITD-008, copper chloride, and lithium chloride. Antiviral activity has also been observed for certain plant extracts, ICA, FMN, and CPAE. Survivin overexpression leads to reduced FCV infection. The secretome of feline mesenchymal stem cells does not prevent FCV entry into CRFK cells but exerts an antiviral effect on viral replication. There is also evidence regarding the potential therapeutic application of RNA interference in FCV.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.