<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ivm</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международный вестник ветеринарии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>International Journal of Veterinary Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-2419</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SpbGUVM Publishing House</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52419/issn2072-2419.2026.1.148</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ivm-2001</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЗООГИГИЕНА, САНИТАРИЯ, КОРМЛЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ZOOHYGIENE, SANITATION, FEEDING</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Изучение защитного потенциала средств профилактики сочетанного микотоксикоза по оценке экспрессии провоспалительных цитокинов крыс</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Study of the protective potential of means for the prevention of combined mycotoxicosis by assessing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in rats</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9056-5798</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тарасова</surname><given-names>Е. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tarasova</surname><given-names>E. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, зав. лабораторией ветеринарной санитарии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, Head of the Laboratory of Veterinary Sanitation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">evgenechka1885@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Федеральный центр токсикологической, радиационной и биологической безопасности»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>148</fpage><lpage>159</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Тарасова Е.Ю., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тарасова Е.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tarasova E.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vetjournal.spbguvm.ru/jour/article/view/2001">https://vetjournal.spbguvm.ru/jour/article/view/2001</self-uri><abstract><p>Микотоксины являются частыми загрязнителями кормов для животных. Наиболее распространенными микотоксинами в кормах для животных являются зеараленон, Т-2 токсин, дезоксиниваленол, афлатоксины и т.д. В этой статье был рассмотрен молекулярный механизм комбинированнного воздействия Т-2 токсина, афлатоксина В1 и зеараленона. Целью данного исследования являлось изучение влияния комплекса микотоксинов на степень экспрессии провоспалительных цитокинов (IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ) мРНК селезенки белых крыс и оценка защитного потенциала разработанных комплексных средств для снижения индукции воспалительных процессов. Опыты проведены на 80 белых крысах. Для воспроизведения микотоксикоза животные с основным рационом в течение 21 суток получали кристаллические микотоксины: афлатоксин В1 – 2,5 мг/кг; Т-2 токсин – 5 мг/кг; зеараленон – 2,0 мг/кг корма. В качестве средств защиты использовали три рецептуры профилактических комплексов, обладающих сорбционными, антиоксидантными, гепатопротекторными и иммуномодулирующими свойствами. Экспрессию мРНК провоспалительных цитокинов (IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-ɣ) определяли методом количественной ПЦР в реальном времени в образцах селезенки. Экспрессия генов оценивалась по количеству копий кДНК в исследуемом материале с учётом нормирования показателя относительно количества копий ДНК в той же пробе. Установлено, что ассоциированное воздействие микотоксинов вызывает усиление экспрессии генов провоспалительных цитокинов на уровне мРНК селезенки. Разработанные комплексы модулировали выработку провоспалительных цитокинов. Наиболее выраженный иммуномодулирующий потенциал показал профилактический комплекс на основе галлуазита, силимарина, β-глюканов и метионина. Полученные данные свидетельствуют, что данный профилактический комплекс является перспективным и требует дальнейшего изучения в качестве средства профилактики смешанных микотоксикозов у продуктивных животных.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Mycotoxins are common contaminants in animal feed. The most common mycotoxins in animal feed include zearalenone, T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol, aflatoxins, and others. This article examined the molecular mechanism of the combined effects of T-2 toxin, aflatoxin B1, and zearalenone. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a mycotoxin complex on the expression level of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ) mRNA in the spleen of white rats and to evaluate the protective potential of the developed complex agents to reduce the induction of inflammatory processes. The experiments were conducted on 80 white rats. To reproduce mycotoxicosis, animals received crystalline mycotoxins with their basal diet for 21 days: aflatoxin B1 - 2.5 mg/kg; T-2 toxin - 5 mg/kg; zearalenone - 2.0 mg/kg of feed. Three formulations of prophylactic complexes with sorption, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory properties were used as protective agents. Expression of mRNA of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IFNɣ) was determined by quantitative real-time PCR in spleen samples. Gene expression was assessed based on the number of cDNA copies in the studied material, normalizing the indicator relative to the number of DNA copies in the same sample. It was found that associated exposure to mycotoxins causes increased expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes at the mRNA level in the spleen. The developed complexes modulated the production of proinflammatory cytokines. The prophylactic complex based on halloysite, silymarin, β-glucans, and methionine demonstrated the most pronounced immunomodulatory potential. The obtained data indicate that this prophylactic complex is promising and requires further study as a means of preventing mixed mycotoxicosis in food-producing animals.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сочетанный микотоксикоз</kwd><kwd>белые крысы</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>селезенка</kwd><kwd>провоспалительные цитокины</kwd><kwd>профилактические комплексы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>combined mycotoxicosis</kwd><kwd>white rats</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>spleen</kwd><kwd>proinflammatory cytokines</kwd><kwd>prophylactic complexes</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена за счет гранта, предоставленного Академией наук Республики Татарстан образовательным организациям высшего образования, научным и иным организациям на поддержку планов развития кадрового потенциала в части стимулирования их научных и научно-педагогических работников к защите докторских диссертаций и выполнению научно-исследовательских работ. (Соглашение от 22.12.2025 № 4/2025-ПД-ВНИВИ)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by a grant from the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan to higher education institutions, research organizations, and other organizations to support human resource development plans to encourage their research and teaching staff to defend doctoral dissertations and conduct research. (Agreement No. 4/2025-PD-VNIVI, dated December 22, 2025)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gasperini, A. M. Unravelling the impact of mycotoxins on gut health: implications for inflammatory bowel disease / A. M. Gasperini, D. Faccenda, E. Garcia-Cela // Current Opinion in Food Science. – 2025. – Vol. 64. – 101316. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2025.101316.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gasperini, A. M Unravelling the impact of mycotoxins on gut health: implications for inflammatory bowel disease / A. M. Gasperini, D. Faccenda, E. Garcia-Cela // Current Opinion in Food Science. – 2025. – Vol. 64. – 101316. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2025.101316.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Оценка общей токсичности кормов республики Татарстан / З. Х. Сагдеева, О. К. Ермолаева, А. Р. Валиев [и др.] // Ветеринарный врач. – 2020. – № 5. – С. 59-65. – https://doi.org/10.33632/1998-698X.2020-5-59-65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Assessment of the general toxicity of feed in the Republic of Tatarstan / Z. Kh. Sagdeeva, O. K. Ermolaeva, A. R. Valiev etc. // The Veterinarian. – 2020. – No. 5. – P. 59-65. – https://doi.org/10.33632/1998-698X.2020-5-59-65. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Поиск эффективных адсорбентов Т-2 токсина / Е. Ю. Тарасова, Э. И. Семенов, А. Р. Валиев, Л. Е. Матросова // Вестник Марийского государственного университета. Серия: Сельскохозяйственные науки. Экономические науки. – 2019. – Т. 5, № 3(19). – С. 322-329. – https://doi.org/10.30914/2411-9687-2019-5-3-322-328.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Search for effective adsorbents of T-2 toxin / E. Yu. Tarasova, E. I. Semenov, A. R. Valiev, L. E. Matrosova // Bulletin of the Mari State University. Series: Agricultural Sciences. Economic Sciences. - 2019. - Vol. 5, No. 3 (19). - P. 322-329. – https://doi.org/10.30914/2411-9687-2019-5-3-322-328. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Worldwide contamination of food-crops with mycotoxins: Validity of the widely cited ‘FAO estimate’ of 25% / M. Eskola, G. Kos, C. T. Elliott [et al.] // Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. – 2020. – Vol. 60 (16). – Р. 2773–2789. – https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2019.1658570.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Worldwide contamination of food-crops with mycotoxins: Validity of the widely cited ‘FAO estimate’ of 25% / M. Eskola, G. Kos, C. T. Elliott et al. // Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. – 2020. – Vol. 60 (16). – Р. 2773–2789. – https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2019.1658570.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Detriment of mycotoxin contamination in feed and nutrition-based prevention and control strategies: A review / S. Fan, K. Teng, J. Li et al. // Toxicon. – 2026. – Vol. 273. – 108996. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.108996.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Detriment of mycotoxin contamination in feed and nutrition-based prevention and control strategies: A review / S. Fan, K. Teng, J. Li et al. // Toxicon. – 2026. – Vol. 273. – 108996. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2026.108996.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Эффективность энтеросорбентов различной природы при полимикотоксикозе свиней / Н. Н. Мишина, Э. И. Семенов, А. Ф. Хасиятуллин [и др.] // Ветеринария. – 2020. – № 11. – С. 49-53. – https://doi.org/10.30896/0042-4846.2020.23.11.49-53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The effectiveness of enterosorbents of various natures in polymycotoxicosis of pigs / N. N. Mishina, E. I. Semenov, A. F. Khasiyatullin [et al.] // Veterinary Medicine. – 2020. – No. 11. – P. 49-53. – https://doi.org/10.30896/0042-4846.2020.23.11.49-53. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бурдов, Л. Г. О результатах анализа кормов на содержание микотоксинов / Л. Г. Бурдов, Л. Е. Матросова // Ветеринарный врач. – 2011. – № 2. – С. 7-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burdov, L. G. On the results of the analysis of feed for the content of mycotoxins / L. G. Burdov, L. E. Matrosova // The Veterinarian. – 2011. – No. 2. – P. 7-9. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Влияние комбинированного действия микотоксинов и ионизирующего излучения на аллергическую сенсибилизацию / Э. И. Семенов, Н. Н. Мишина, А. Р. Валиев и др. // Ветеринарный врач. – 2023. – № 2. – С. 60-69. – https://doi.org/10.33632/1998-698X_2023_2_60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The influence of the combined action of mycotoxins and ionizing radiation on allergic sensitization / E. I. Semenov, N. N. Mishina, A. R. Valiev et al. // The Veterinarian. - 2023. - No. 2. - P. 60-69. – https://doi.org/10.33632/1998-698X_2023_2_60. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Диагностика и ветеринарная помощь при отравлениях животных: (Общие принципы) / А. М. Тремасова, И. И. Идиятов, Э. И. Семенов (и др.) – Казань: Федеральный центр токсикологической, радиационной и биологической безопасности, 2022. – 236 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The influence of the combined action of mycotoxins and ionizing radiation on allergic sensitization / E. I. Semenov, N. N. Mishina, A. R. Valiev et al. // The Veterinarian. - 2023. - No. 2. - P. 60-69. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Utilizing lemon peel extract and its nanoemulsion to control aflatoxin toxicity in rats / B. A. Sabry, A. N. Badr, K. A. Ahmed et al. // Food Bioscience. – 2022. – Vol. 50. – 101998. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101998.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Utilizing lemon peel extract and its nanoemulsion to control aflatoxin toxicity in rats / B. A. Sabry, A. N. Badr, K. A. Ahmed et al. // Food Bioscience. – 2022. – Vol. 50. – 101998. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101998.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">An update on T2-toxins: metabolism, immunotoxicity mechanism and human assessment exposure of intestinal microbiota / J. Zhang, X. Liu, Y. Su, T. Li // Heliyon. – 2022. – Vol. 8. – e10012. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">An update on T2-toxins: metabolism, immunotoxicity mechanism and human assessment exposure of intestinal microbiota / J. Zhang, X. Liu, Y. Su, T. Li // Heliyon. – 2022. – Vol. 8. – e10012. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baicalin protects against zearalenone induced chicks liver and kidney injury by inhibiting expression of oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines and caspase signaling pathway / J. Xu, S. Li, L. Jiang et al. // International Immunopharmacology. – 2021. – Vol. 100. – 108097. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108097.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baicalin protects against zearalenoneinduced chicks liver and kidney injury by inhibiting expression of oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines and caspase signaling pathway / J. Xu, S. Li, L. Jiang et al. // International Immunopharmacology. – 2021. – Vol. 100. – 108097. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108097.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Review: Strategies and technologies in preventing regulated and emerging mycotoxin co-contamination in forage for safeguarding ruminant health / A. Gallo, A. Catellani, F. Ghilardelli [et al.] // Animal. – 2024. – Vol. 18. –101280. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2024.101280.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Review: Strategies and technologies in preventing regulated and emerging mycotoxin co-contamination in forage for safeguarding ruminant health / A. Gallo, A. Catellani, F. Ghilardelli et al. // Animal. – 2024. – Vol. 18. –101280. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2024.101280.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Editorial: Predicting, managing, and minimizing mycotoxicosis in farm animals / J.A. Maguey-González, J.D. Latorre, S. Gomez-Rosales, A. Mendez-Albores // Front. Fungal Biol. – 2024. – Vol. 5. – 1519411. –https://doi.org/10.3389/ffunb.2024.1519411.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Editorial: Predicting, managing, and minimizing mycotoxicosis in farm animals / J.A. Maguey-González, J.D. Latorre, S. Gomez-Rosales, A. Mendez-Albores // Front. Fungal Biol. – 2024. – Vol. 5. – 1519411. –https://doi.org/10.3389/ffunb.2024.1519411.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evaluation of Untargeted Metabolomic and Mycotoxin Profiles in Corn Silage and High-Moisture Corn / M. Lapris, V. Novara, M. Masseroni et al. // Toxins (Basel). – 2025. – Vol. 17(5). – 214. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17050214.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evaluation of Untargeted Metabolomic and Mycotoxin Profiles in Corn Silage and High-Moisture Corn / M. Lapris, V. Novara, M. Masseroni et al. // Toxins (Basel). – 2025. – Vol. 17(5). – 214. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17050214.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-18 and interleukin-6 mediate anorexia induction by trichothecene deoxynivalenol and its congeners / C. Zhou, Z. Qin, H. Zhang et al. // Front. Vet. Sci. – 2024. – Vol. 11. – 1521424. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1521424.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-18 and interleukin-6 mediate anorexia induction by trichothecene deoxynivalenol and its congeners / C. Zhou, Z. Qin, H. Zhang et al. // Front. Vet. Sci. – 2024. – Vol. 11. – 1521424. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1521424.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The flavonoid chrysin protects against zearalenone induced reproductive toxicity in male mice / L. Del Fabbro, C.R. Jesse, M.G. de Gomes et al. // Toxicon. – 2019. – Vol. 165. – Р. 13-21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The flavonoid chrysin protects against zearalenone induced reproductive toxicity in male mice / L. Del Fabbro, C.R. Jesse, M.G. de Gomes et al.// Toxicon. – 2019. – Vol. 165. – Р. 13-21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fungi and mycotoxin types, toxicity, mechanisms, and control of mycotoxin contamination: a review / Z. Zhang, X. Qi, Y. Wang et al. // Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. – 2025. – Vol. 42(12). – Р. 1692-1716. – https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2025.2575980.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fungi and mycotoxin types, toxicity, mechanisms, and control of mycotoxin contamination: a review / Z. Zhang, X. Qi, Y. Wang et al.// Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. – 2025. – Vol. 42(12). – Р. 1692-1716. – https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2025.2575980.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mycotoxin Contamination: Occurrence, Biotransformation, Pathogenic Mechanisms, and Strategies for Nutritional Intervention / C. Yao, M. Ye, C. Wang et al. // Molecules. – 2025. – Vol. 30(19). – Р. 3860. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30193860.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mycotoxin Contamination: Occurrence, Biotransformation, Pathogenic Mechanisms, and Strategies for Nutritional Intervention / C. Yao, M. Ye, C. Wang et al.// Molecules. – 2025. – Vol. 30(19). – Р. 3860. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30193860.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Effects of lipoic acid on immune function, anti-oxidant defense system, and inflammation-related gene expression in broiler chickens fed aflatoxin-contaminated diets / Y. Li, Q. Ma, L. Zhao et al. // Int. J. Mol. Sci. – 2014. – Vol. 15. – Р. 5649-5662.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Effects of lipoic acid on immune function, anti-oxidant defense system, and inflammation-related gene expression in broiler chickens fed aflatoxin-contaminated diets / Y. Li, Q. Ma, L. Zhao et al. // Int. J. Mol. Sci. – 2014. – Vol. 15. – Р. 5649-5662.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The effectiveness of a feed additive with galloisite in rat mycotoxicosis / E. Tarasova, L. Matrosova, G. Kashevarov et al. // E3S Web of Conferences. – 2024. – Vol. 548. – 02014. – https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454802014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The effectiveness of a feed additive with galloisite in rat mycotoxicosis / E. Tarasova, L. Matrosova, G. Kashevarov et al. // E3S Web of Conferences. – 2024. – Vol. 548. – 02014. – https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454802014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Efficiency of the complex mycotoxin adsorbent "Galluasorb" in combined mycotoxicosis of pigs / E. Tarasova, L. Matrosova, S. Tanaseva et al. // Bio Web of Conferences: International Scientific Conference on Biotechnology and Food Technology (BFT-2024). – 2024. – 07019. – https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202413007019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Efficiency of the complex mycotoxin adsorbent "Galluasorb" in combined mycotoxicosis of pigs / E. Tarasova, L. Matrosova, S. Tanaseva et al. // Bio Web of Conferences: International Scientific Conference on Biotechnology and Food Technology (BFT-2024). – 2024. – 07019. – https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202413007019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Normalization of SARS-CoV-2 viral load via RT-qPCR provides higherresolution data for comparison across time and between patients / W.T. Porter, E.J. Kelley, J.R. Bowers, D.M. Engelthaler // Virus Res. – 2021. – Vol. 306. – 198604. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198604.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Normalization of SARS-CoV-2 viral load via RT-qPCR provides higherresolution data for comparison across time and between patients / W.T. Porter, E.J. Kelley, J.R. Bowers, D.M. Engelthaler // Virus Res. – 2021. – Vol. 306. – 198604. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198604.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Droplet digital PCR of viral DNA/RNA, current progress, challenges, and future perspectives / A.A. Kojabad, M. Farzanehpour, H.E.G. Galeh et al. // J. Med. Virol. – 2021. – Vol. 93(7). – Р. 4182-4197. – https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26846.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Droplet digital PCR of viral DNA/RNA, current progress, challenges, and future perspectives / A.A. Kojabad, M. Farzanehpour, H.E.G. Galeh [et al.] // J. Med. Virol. – 2021. – Vol. 93(7). – Р. 4182-4197. – https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26846.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zearalenone mycotoxin affects immune mediators, MAPK signalling molecules, nuclear receptors and genome-wide gene expression in pig spleen / G.C. Pistol, B. Craicu, M. Motiu et al. // PLoS One. – 2015. – № 10 (5). – 0127503. – https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zearalenone mycotoxin affects immune mediators, MAPK signalling molecules, nuclear receptors and genome-wide gene expression in pig spleen / G.C. Pistol, B. Craicu, M. Motiu et al. // PLoS One. – 2015. – № 10 (5). – 0127503. – https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Effect of zearalenone on calcium homeostasis of splenic lymphocytes of chickens in vitro / Y.C. Wang, J.L. Deng, S.W. Xu et al. // Poultry Science. 2012. – Vol. 91. – Р. 1956–1963.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Effect of zearalenone on calcium homeostasis of splenic lymphocytes of chickens in vitro / Y.C. Wang, J.L. Deng, S.W. Xu et al. // Poultry Science. 2012. – Vol. 91. – Р. 1956–1963.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zearalenone affects immune-related parameters in lymphoid organs and serum of rats vaccinated with porcine parvovirus vaccine / B.K. Choi, J.H. Cho, S.H. Jeong et al.] // Toxicological research. – 2012. – Vol. 28. – Р. 279-288. – https://doi.org/10.5487/TR.2012.28.4.279.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zearalenone affects immune-related parameters in lymphoid organs and serum of rats vaccinated with porcine parvovirus vaccine / B.K. Choi, J.H. Cho, S.H. Jeong et al. // Toxicological research. – 2012. – Vol. 28. – Р. 279-288. – https://doi.org/10.5487/TR.2012.28.4.279.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Inhibition of aflatoxin B1-induced murine hepatocyte pyroptosis by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway / J. Wang, Y. Zhao, Y. Zhou et al. // Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. – 2025. – Vol. 302. – 118688. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118688.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Inhibition of aflatoxin B1-induced murine hepatocyte pyroptosis by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway / J. Wang, Y. Zhao, Y. Zhou et al. // Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. – 2025. – Vol. 302. – 118688. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118688.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Can plant phenolic compounds alleviate toxic effects induced by mycotoxins? A narrative review / M.K.M. Evangelista da Costa, L. Schmidt, J. E. Welke, P. R. Augusti // Food Bioscience. – 2025. – Vol. 71. – 107339. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2025.107339.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Can plant phenolic compounds alleviate toxic effects induced by mycotoxins? A narrative review / M.K.M. Evangelista da Costa, L. Schmidt, J. E. Welke, P. R. Augusti // Food Bioscience. – 2025. – Vol. 71. – 107339. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2025.107339.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Immunotoxic effect and mechanisms of Fusarium mycotoxins on human immune cells: A focus on T cells and macrophages / J. Yang, X. Wang, Q. Zhang [et al.] // Toxicology. – 2025. – Vol. 515. – 154170. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2025.154170.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Immunotoxic effect and mechanisms of Fusarium mycotoxins on human immune cells: A focus on T cells and macrophages / J. Yang, X. Wang, Q. Zhang et al. // Toxicology. – 2025. – Vol. 515. – 154170. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2025.154170.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Review article: Recent advances in enzyme technologies for mitigating mycotoxin contamination in poultry feed / C. GruberDorninger, M. Aleschko, A. Höbartner-Gußl et al. // Journal of Applied Poultry Research. – 2025. – Vol. 34. – 100544. –https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japr.2025.100544.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Review article: Recent advances in enzyme technologies for mitigating mycotoxin contamination in poultry feed / C. GruberDorninger, M. Aleschko, A. Höbartner-Gußl et al. // Journal of Applied Poultry Research. – 2025. – Vol. 34. – 100544. – https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japr.2025.100544.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
