ivmМеждународный вестник ветеринарииInternational Journal of Veterinary Medicine2072-2419SpbGUVM Publishing House10.52419/issn2072-2419.2026.1.338ivm-2024Research ArticleАКУШЕРСТВО, ГИНЕКОЛОГИЯOBSTETRICS, GYNECOLOGYРедактирование генома кур: современные технологии, достижения и перспективы применения в сельском хозяйстве и биомедицинеChicken genome editing: modern technologies, achievements, and prospects for application in agriculture and biomedicinehttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2561-145XКрутиковаА. А.KrutikovaA. A.

канд. биол. наук, доц. каф. генетических и репродуктивных биотехнологий 

PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Genetic and Reproductive Biotechnology 

anntim2575@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3658-5886ПлемяшовК. В.PlemyashovK. V.

д-р ветеринар. наук, проф., член-корр. РАН, ректор 

Doctor of Veterinary Sciences, Professor, Corresponding  Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rector

ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет ветеринарной медицины»РоссияSt. Petersburg State University of Veterinary MedicineRussian Federation20263004202601338359Copyright © Крутикова А.А., Племяшов К.В., 20262026Крутикова А.А., Племяшов К.В.Krutikova A.A., Plemyashov K.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vetjournal.spbguvm.ru/jour/article/view/2024

Редактирование генома животных, в частности, кур – активно развивающееся направление биотехнологии в области сельского хозяйства, фундаментальной науки и медицинских исследований. Домашняя курица является модельным объектом в области иммунологии, эмбриологии и инфекционных заболеваний. Появление современных технологий редактирования генов, включая систему CRISPR/Cas9, TALEN и гомологичную рекомбинацию, расширило потенциал для точной целевой модификации куриного генома. Технологии редактирования генома кур демонстрируют стремительный прогресс в период 2019–2025 гг., охватывая как селекционные, так и природоохранные задачи, что открыло новые перспективы одновременно в нескольких направлениях. С практической стороны, селекционеры получили возможность создавать птицу с повышенной устойчивостью к распространённым инфекциям. Не менее важным стало применение методов геномного редактирования для решения природоохранных задач. Криоконсервация первичных зародышевых клеток от кур редких и исчезающих пород позволяет сохранять полный набор генетической информации – включая митохондриальную ДНК и уникальную для самок W-хромосому – недоступную при замораживании только спермы. Венгерские коллеги создали функционирующий криобанк шести национальных пород с показателями приживления трансплантированных клеток до 100%. Благодаря этим технологиям было успешно восстановлено несколько исчезающих пород кур в Китае и Японии. Такая комбинация прикладных и природоохранных аспектов делает технологии редактирования генома птицы перспективным направлением современной биотехнологии. Данная работа представляет комплексный анализ текущего состояния технологий редактирования генома птиц, рассматривая основные подходы к генетической модификации, включая работу с примордиальными половыми клетками, применение вирусных векторов и прямое редактирование эмбрионов. Особое внимание уделяется достижениям в создании устойчивых к патогенам линий кур, получении моделей с нокаутом генов для изучения их функций и разработке биотехнологических систем для производства терапевтических белков. Анализируются перспективы использования генетически модифицированных кур в биомедицинских исследованиях и производстве биофармацевтических препаратов.

Animal genome editing, particularly in chickens, is a rapidly developing field of biotechnology with significant implications for agriculture, fundamental science, and medical research. The domestic chicken is a model animal in immunology, embryology, and infectious diseases. The advent of modern gene editing technologies, including the CRISPR/Cas9 system, TALENs, and homologous recombination, has opened new possibilities for precise modification of the chicken genome. Chicken genome editing technologies are demonstrating rapid progress between 2019 and 2025, spanning both breeding and conservation applications, opening new prospects in several areas simultaneously. From a practical perspective, breeders have gained the opportunity to create poultry with increased resistance to common infections. Equally important is the application of genome editing methods to address conservation issues. Cryopreservation of primordial germ cells from rare and endangered chicken breeds allows for the preservation of a full set of genetic information—including mitochondrial DNA and the W chromosome, unique to females—that is inaccessible when freezing sperm alone. Hungarian colleagues have created a functioning cryobank of six national breeds with engraftment rates of up to 100%. These technologies have successfully restored several endangered chicken breeds in China and Japan. This combination of applied and conservation aspects makes avian genome editing technologies a promising area of modern biotechnology. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the current state of avian genome editing technologies, examining the main approaches to genetic modification, including work with primordial germ cells, the use of viral vectors, and direct embryo editing. Particular attention is given to advances in the creation of pathogenresistant chicken lines, the development of gene knockout models for studying their functions, and the development of biotechnological systems to produce therapeutic proteins. The prospects for using genetically modified chickens in biomedical research and the production of biopharmaceuticals are analysed.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.