ivmМеждународный вестник ветеринарииInternational Journal of Veterinary Medicine2072-2419SpbGUVM Publishing House10.52419/issn2072-2419.2026.2.18ivm-2083Research ArticleИНФЕКЦИОННЫЕ БОЛЕЗНИINFECTIOUS DISEASESОсобо опасные патогены бактериального происхождения в пресноводном индустриальном рыбоводстве Северо-Запада РоссииParticularly dangerous bacterial pathogens in freshwater industrial fish farming in the north-west of Russiahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3658-5886ПлемяшовК. В.PlemyashovK. V.

д-р ветеринар. наук, проф., член-корр. РАН, ректор 

D. Sc. (Veterinary Science), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rector 

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2561-145XКрутиковаА. А.KrutikovaA. A.

канд. биол. наук, доц. каф. генетических и репродуктивных биотехнологий

Ph.D. (Biology), Assoc. Professor, Department of Genetic  and Reproductive Biotechnology

anntim2575@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1242-8392КостроминЕ. А.KostrominE. A.

канд. биол. наук, доц. каф. аквакультуры и болезней рыб 

PhD. (Biology), Assoc. Professor, Department of Aquaculture and Fish Diseases

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8981-0696КузнецоваТ. Ш.KuznetsovaT. Sh.

канд. биол. наук, доц. каф. генетических и репродуктивных биотехнологий 

Ph.D. (Biology), Assoc. Professor, Department of Geneticand Reproductive Biotechnology 

ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет ветеринарной медицины»РоссияSaint Petersburg State University of Veterinary MedicineRussian Federation202619082026021825Copyright © Племяшов К.В., Крутикова А.А., Костромин Е.А., Кузнецова Т.Ш., 20262026Племяшов К.В., Крутикова А.А., Костромин Е.А., Кузнецова Т.Ш.Plemyashov K.V., Krutikova A.A., Kostromin E.A., Kuznetsova T.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vetjournal.spbguvm.ru/jour/article/view/2083

Пресноводная аквакультура северо-западных регионов России, таких как Республика Карелия, Ленинградская, Вологодская и Мурманская области, специализируется преимущественно на разведении рыб семейства лососёвых (Salmo, Oncorhynchus, Salvelinus) и сиговых — (Coregonus). В условиях интенсификации производства, трансформации природных свойств водных объектов и специфики гидроклиматических условий региона бактериальные инфекции приобретают характер наиболее распространённой и экономически значимой угрозы отрасли. Целью работы является системный анализ актуальных данных международных баз генетической информации по вопросам этиологии, молекулярно-генетических механизмов вирулентности, а также анализ научных публикаций о проблемах эпидемиологии и экономической значимости ведущих бактериальных патогенов пресноводной аквакультуры северо-западного региона России. Проведен систематический анализ баз данных генетической информации (NCBI GenBank, UniProt) о ведущих бактериальных патогенах пресноводной аквакультуры в условиях холодноводного рыбоводства. Рассмотрены наиболее опасные нозологии, такие как фурункулёз лососёвых (Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida), болезни холодной воды (Flavobacterium psychrophilum), болезни красного рта (Yersinia ruckeri), бактериальной болезни почек (Renibacterium salmoninarum) и колумнариозы (Flavobacterium columnare). Рассмотрены молекулярно-генетические детерминанты вирулентности каждого патогена, включая системы секреции типа III (T3SS) и VI (T6SS), основные токсины и факторы адгезии. Показана нарастающая роль антибиотикорезистентности, в том числе горизонтального переноса генов резистентности, как системной угрозы в контексте концепции «Единого здоровья» (One Health). Сделан вывод о необходимости внедрения в отечественную практику мультиплексной молекулярной диагностики, регулярного геномного надзора за циркулирующими штаммами и совершенствования биобезопасности рыбоводных хозяйств.

Freshwater aquaculture in northwestern Russia, including the Republic of Karelia and the Leningrad, Vologda, and Murmansk regions, primarily specializes in the farming of salmonids (Salmo, Oncorhynchus, Salvelinus) and whitefish (Coregonus). With production intensifying, the natural properties of water bodies changing, and the region’s unique hydroclimatic conditions, bacterial infections are becoming the most widespread and economically significant threat to the industry. The aim of this study is to systematically analyze current data from international genetic databases on the etiology and molecular genetic mechanisms of virulence, as well as to analyze scientific publications on the epidemiology and economic significance of leading bacterial pathogens in freshwater aquaculture in northwestern Russia. A systematic analysis of genetic databases (NCBI GenBank, UniProt) on leading bacterial pathogens in freshwater aquaculture under cold-water fish farming conditions was conducted. The most dangerous nosologies are considered, such as salmon furunculosis (Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida), cold-water disease (Flavobacterium psychrophilum), red mouth disease (Yersinia ruckeri), bacterial kidney disease (Renibacterium salmoninarum), and columnaris (Flavobacterium columnare). The molecular genetic determinants of virulence for each pathogen are examined, including the type III (T3SS) and type VI (T6SS) secretion systems, the main toxins, and adhesion factors. The increasing role of antibiotic resistance, including horizontal transfer of resistance genes, as a systemic threat in the context of the One Health concept is demonstrated. A conclusion is drawn regarding the need to introduce multiplex molecular diagnostics, regular genomic surveillance of circulating strains, and improved biosecurity on fish farms into domestic practice.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.