ivmМеждународный вестник ветеринарииInternational Journal of Veterinary Medicine2072-2419SpbGUVM Publishing House10.52419/issn2072-2419.2026.2.68ivm-2090Research ArticleИНФЕКЦИОННЫЕ БОЛЕЗНИINFECTIOUS DISEASESДиагностический мониторинг массовой гибели рыб в хозяйствах аквакультуры Северо-Западного региона и стратегия молекулярно-генетической детекцииDiagnostic monitoring of mass fish mortality in north-western russian aquaculture farms and strategy of molecular genetic detectionhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1242-8392КостроминЕ. А.KostrominE. A.

канд. биол. наук, доц. каф. аквакультуры и болезней рыб

PhD. (Biology), Assoc. Professor, Department of Aquaculture and Fish Diseases

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3658-5886ПлемяшовК. В.PlemyashovK. V.

д-р ветеринар. наук, проф., член-корр. РАН, ректор

D. Sc. (Veterinary Science), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rector

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2561-145XКрутиковаА. А.KrutikovaA. A.

канд. биол. наук, доц. каф. генетических и репродуктивных биотехнологий

Ph.D. (Biology), Assoc. Professor, Department of Genetic  and Reproductive Biotechnology

anntim2575@mail.ruФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет ветеринарной медицины»РоссияSaint Petersburg State University of Veterinary MedicineRussian Federation202619082026026872Copyright © Костромин Е.А., Племяшов К.В., Крутикова А.А., 20262026Костромин Е.А., Племяшов К.В., Крутикова А.А.Kostromin E.A., Plemyashov K.V., Krutikova A.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vetjournal.spbguvm.ru/jour/article/view/2090

Лососеводство и рыбоводство Северо-Западного федерального округа (СЗФО) обеспечивают более 70 % российского производства товарной форели и значительную долю продукции из сиговых рыб и осетровых. К наиболее распространённым вирусным патогенам Северо-Западного региона традиционно относят возбудителей инфекционного некроза гемопоэтической ткани (IHN), вирусной геморрагической септицемии (VHS) и инфекционного некроза поджелудочной железы (IPN). Обследованием были охвачены рыбоводческие хозяйства в Ленинградской области (садковые и бассейновые), в Республике Карелия (садковые на озёрах и реках) и в Новгородской области (проточные бассейны). Работа велась в 2021—2025 гг.; отбор материала приурочивали к периодам зарегистрированной гибели рыбы с потерей поголовья не менее 10 % за 7 суток. Были исследованы представители радужной форели (Oncorhynchus mykiss), атлантического лосося (Salmo salar), сига (Coregonus lavaretus) и прочие. Выборки включали разновозрастные группы — от молоди массой 1—5 г до товарной рыбы. Renibacterium salmoninarum, мотильные аэромонады комплекса Aeromonas hydrophila, а также вирусные агенты IHN, VHS и IPN, оказались не связаны с эпизоотической ситуацией, зафиксированной нами при обследовании рыбоводческих хозяйств Ленинградской области, Республики Карелия и Новгородской области в 2021—2025 гг. Основными этиологически значимыми агентами массовой гибели рыбы в обследованных хозяйствах стали: Lactococcus garvieae, Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, Yersinia ruckeri, Flavobacterium psychrophilum и Pseudomonas spp. Совокупно эти патогены обусловили не менее 80 % зарегистрированной гибели поголовья. Работа посвящена описанию клинической картины при каждой нозологической форме, а также стратегии применения ПЦР-протоколов и молекулярным мишеням для молекулярно-генетической верификации патогена.

Salmon farming and fish farming in the Northwestern Federal District (NWFD) account for over 70 % of Russia’s commercial trout production and a significant share of whitefish and sturgeon products. The most common viral pathogens in the Northwestern region traditionally include infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN), viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS), and infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN). The survey covered fish farms in the Leningrad Region (cage and tank farms), the Republic of Karelia (cage farms on lakes and rivers), and the Novgorod Region (flow-through farms). The study was conducted from 2021 to 2025; sample collection was timed to coincide with periods of recorded fish mortality with at least a 10% loss in 7 days. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus), and other species were studied. Samples included groups of various ages, from juveniles weighing 1–5 g to commercial fish. Renibacterium salmoninarum, motile aeromonads of the Aeromonas hydrophila complex, as well as viral agents IHN, VHS, and IPN, were not associated with the epizootic situation we recorded during our survey of fish farms in the Leningrad Region, the Republic of Karelia, and the Novgorod Region in 2021—2025. The main etiologically significant agents of mass fish mortality in the surveyed farms were: Lactococcus garvieae, Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, Yersinia ruckeri, Flavobacterium psychrophilum, and Pseudomonas spp. Collectively, these pathogens accounted for at least 80 % of the recorded livestock mortality. This paper describes the clinical presentation for each disease entity, as well as strategies for using PCR protocols and molecular targets for molecular genetic verification of the pathogen.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.