ivmМеждународный вестник ветеринарииInternational Journal of Veterinary Medicine2072-2419SpbGUVM Publishing House10.52419/issn2072-2419.2026.2.85ivm-2093Research ArticleИНФЕКЦИОННЫЕ БОЛЕЗНИINFECTIOUS DISEASESВирусные заболевания рыб как фактор эпизоотического риска в пресноводной аквакультуре Северо-Западного региона Российской Федерации: особенности патогенеза и угрозы для сиговых и гольцовых видовViral diseases of fish as a factor of epizootic risk in freshwater aquaculture of the north-western region of the Russian Federation: features of pathogenesis and threats to coregonid and char specieshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2561-145XКрутиковаА. А.KrutikovaA. A.

канд. биол. наук, доц. каф. генетических и репродуктивных биотехнологий

Ph.D. (Biology), Assoc. Professor, Department of Genetic and Reproductive Biotechnology

anntim2575@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3658-5886ПлемяшовК. В.PlemyashovK. V.

д-р ветеринар. наук, проф., член-корр. РАН, ректор

D. Sc. (Veterinary Science), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rector

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1242-8392КостроминЕ. А.KostrominE. A.

канд. биол. наук, доц. каф. аквакультуры и болезней рыб 

PhD. (Biology), Assoc. Professor, Department of Aquaculture and Fish Diseases

ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет ветеринарной медицины»РоссияSaint Petersburg State University of Veterinary MedicineRussian Federation202619082026028591Copyright © Крутикова А.А., Племяшов К.В., Костромин Е.А., 20262026Крутикова А.А., Племяшов К.В., Костромин Е.А.Krutikova A.A., Plemyashov K.V., Kostromin E.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vetjournal.spbguvm.ru/jour/article/view/2093

Для северо-западных регионов России, где промышленное рыбоводство сосредоточено на холодноводных лососёвых, сиговых (Coregonus spp.) и гольцовых (Salvelinus spp.) видах, четыре вирусных нозологии формируют устойчивый пул постоянного эпизоотического давления: вирусная геморрагическая септицемия (VHSV генотипа II, доминирующего в Балтийском бассейне), инфекционный некроз гемопоэтической ткани (IHN), инфекционный некроз поджелудочной железы (IPN) и болезнь поджелудочной железы лососёвых, вызванная альфавирусом (SAV). Цель работы — анализ степени вирусологической опасности для рыбоводческих хозяйств конкретного региона и таких ключевых аспектов, как молекулярные механизмы, посредством которых вирусы уклоняются от противовирусного иммунитета рыб, эпидемиологические маршруты заноса возбудителей в хозяйства через международный оборот посадочного материала и икры, данные о восприимчивости к вирусам сиговых и гольцовых видов, которые в ряде случаев превышают восприимчивость основного модельного вида — радужной форели (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Проведён анализ полногеномных последовательностей VHSV (NC_000855.1), IHNV (GQ413939.1), IPNV (AJ622822.1) и SAV (AY604235.1) из баз NCBI GenBank и RefSeq. Сформулированы насущные потребности вирусологического мониторинга рыбоводных хозяйств Северо-Запада, опирающегося на молекулярно-генетические методы детекции. Нами был сделан вывод, что основными практическими мерами, способными существенно снизить вирусологический риск для отрасли, являются: внедрение мультиплексного ОТ-ПЦР-скрининга завозимого материала на VHSV, IHNV, IPNV и SAV; организация регулярного мониторинга рыб в хозяйствах на основе этих методов; создание российской базы данных референсных последовательностей, циркулирующих изолятов; разработка специализированных протоколов для сиговых и гольцовых рыб как отдельных объектов мониторинга.

For the northwestern regions of Russia, where industrial fish farming is focused on cold-water salmon, whitefish (Coregonus spp.), and char (Salvelinus spp.) species, four viral nosologies form a stable pool of constant epizootic pressure: viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHSV genotype II, dominant in the Baltic basin), infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN), infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), and salmon pancreatic disease caused by alphavirus (SAV). The aim of this study was to analyze the degree of virological threat to fish farms in a specific region and such key aspects as the molecular mechanisms by which viruses evade the antiviral immunity of fish, epidemiological routes of pathogen introduction into farms through the international circulation of seed and caviar, data on the susceptibility of whitefish and char species to viruses, which in some cases exceed the susceptibility of the main model species, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). An analysis of the whole genome sequences of VHSV (NC_000855.1), IHNV (GQ413939.1), IPNV (AJ622822.1), and SAV (AY604235.1) from the NCBI GenBank and RefSeq databases was conducted. Urgent needs for virological monitoring of fish farms in the Northwest, based on molecular genetic detection methods, were formulated. We concluded that the key practical measures capable of significantly reducing the virological risk to the industry include: the introduction of multiplex RT-PCR screening of imported material for VHSV, IHNV, IPNV, and SAV; the organization of regular monitoring of fish on farms based on these methods; the creation of a Russian database of reference sequences and circulating isolates; and the development of specialized protocols for whitefish and char as separate monitoring targets.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.