<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ivm</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международный вестник ветеринарии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>International Journal of Veterinary Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-2419</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SpbGUVM Publishing House</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52419/issn2072-2419.2026.2.148</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ivm-2104</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФАРМАКОЛОГИЯ, ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ, ФАРМАЦИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHARMACOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY, PHARMACY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Нейротоксикологическая и морфологическая оценка действия гидроксида алюминия на мозг крыс при хронической экспозиции</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Neurotoxicological and morphological evaluation of the effects of aluminum hydroxide on the brain of rats with chronic exposure</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7321-0864</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гизатуллина</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gizatullina</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>млад. науч. сотр. </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alinagisa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1236-8246</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Якупова</surname><given-names>Т. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakupova</surname><given-names>T. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>науч. сотр.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1962-2323</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каримов</surname><given-names>Д. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karimov</surname><given-names>D. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, зав. лабораторией генетики, доцент кафедры биохимии, биотехнологии и физиологии </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Head of the Genetics Laboratory, Associate Professor of the Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Physiology </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7456-4787</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мухаммадиева</surname><given-names>Г. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mukhamadieva</surname><given-names>G. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Senior Researcher</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3068-3961</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хмель</surname><given-names>А. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khmel</surname><given-names>A. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>млад. науч. сотр. </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> junior research fellow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5455-6472</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Усманова</surname><given-names>Э. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Usmanova</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>млад. науч. сотр. </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior research fellow </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7957-2399</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смолянкин</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smolyankin</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>науч. сотр. </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0039-6757</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каримов</surname><given-names>Д. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karimov</surname><given-names>D. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, зав. отделом, вед. науч. сотр. </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Head, Leading Researcher</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека»;&#13;
ФГБОУ ВО «УУНиТ»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology;&#13;
Ufa University of Science and Technology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека»;&#13;
ФГБНУ «Национальный НИИ общественного здоровья имени Н.А. Семашко»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology;&#13;
National Research Institute of Public Health named after N. A. Semashko</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>148</fpage><lpage>154</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гизатуллина А.А., Якупова Т.Г., Каримов Д.Д., Мухаммадиева Г.Ф., Хмель А.О., Усманова Э.Н., Смолянкин Д.А., Каримов Д.О., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гизатуллина А.А., Якупова Т.Г., Каримов Д.Д., Мухаммадиева Г.Ф., Хмель А.О., Усманова Э.Н., Смолянкин Д.А., Каримов Д.О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gizatullina A.A., Yakupova T.G., Karimov D.D., Mukhamadieva G.F., Khmel A.O., Usmanova E.N., Smolyankin D.A., Karimov D.O.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vetjournal.spbguvm.ru/jour/article/view/2104">https://vetjournal.spbguvm.ru/jour/article/view/2104</self-uri><abstract><p>Гидроксид алюминия [Al(OH)3] широко применяется в медицине как компонент антацидных препаратов и адъювант в вакцинах. При этом вопросы его безопасности при хронической алиментарной экспозиции остаются предметом дискуссии, особенно в контексте потенциального накопления в ЦНС и нейротоксических эффектов. Алюминий является одним из широко распространенных металлов, воздействие которого на центральную нервную систему вызывает серьезную научную озабоченность. Целью данного исследования была комплексная оценка влияния хронического введения гидроксида алюминия на нейроповеденческие характеристики, гистоморфологическую структуру и обмен эссенциальных элементов в головном мозге крыс. В работе использовалась модель хронической алиментарной экспозиции с применением различных доз алюминия. Результаты показали дозозависимое накопление алюминия в мозге и статистически значимое повышение уровня магния при высоких дозах. Изменение содержания железа оказывало неоднозначный характер, а уровень кальция оставался стабильным. Поведенческие тесты не выявили достоверных когнитивных нарушений, указывают на сохранение когнитивной устойчивости животных при хроническом воздействии выбранных доз алюминия. Проведенная оценка гистологических препаратов не обнаружила признаков выраженной нейродегенерации или грубых структурных патологий в образцах ткани мозга. Важным ограничением данного этапа работы является отсутствие стандартизированного отбора идентичных зон коры для всех животных, что не позволяет сделать количественные сравнительные выводы о нейродегенеративных изменениях. Таким образом, полученные данные расширяют представления о многоаспектном нейротоксическом эффекте алюминия при хронической экспозиции и подчёркивают необходимость дальнейших исследований механизмов его действия на функцию и структуру головного мозга.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH3] is widely used in medicine as a component of antacids and as an adjuvant in vaccines. However, its safety during chronic alimentary exposure remains a subject of debate, particularly in the context of potential accumulation in the central nervous system and neurotoxic effects. Aluminum is a common metal, the effects of which on the central nervous system raise serious scientific concerns. The aim of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the effects of chronic aluminum hydroxide administration on neurobehavioral characteristics, histomorphological structure, and essential element metabolism in the rat brain. A chronic alimentary exposure model using varying doses of aluminum was used. The results showed dosedependent accumulation of aluminum in the brain and a statistically significant increase in magnesium levels at high doses. Changes in iron levels were inconsistent, while calcium levels remained stable. Behavioral tests revealed no significant cognitive impairment, indicating that the animals retained cognitive resilience during chronic exposure to the selected doses of aluminum. The histological analysis revealed no signs of significant neurodegeneration or gross structural pathologies in the brain tissue samples. A significant limitation of this phase of the study is the lack of standardized sampling of identical cortical areas for all animals, which precludes quantitative comparative conclusions regarding neurodegenerative changes. Thus, the data obtained expand our understanding of the multifaceted neurotoxic effects of aluminum during chronic exposure and highlight the need for further research into the mechanisms of its action on brain function and structure.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гидроксид алюминий</kwd><kwd>хронический эксперимент</kwd><kwd>водный тест Морриса</kwd><kwd>гистоморфология мозга</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>aluminum hydroxide</kwd><kwd>chronic experiment</kwd><kwd>Morris water test</kwd><kwd>brain histomorphology</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Отраслевая научно-исследовательская программа Роспотребнадзора на 2021—2025 годы «Научное обоснование национальной системы обеспечения санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия, управления рисками здоровью и повышения качества жизни населения России», тема 6.9.1.2 «Изучение воздействия химического производственного фактора в условиях хронического стресса» № НИОКТР И124021200153–3.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Industry research program of Rospotrebnadzor for 2021—2025 «Scientific substantiation of the national system for ensuring sanitary and epidemiological welfare, managing health risks and improving the quality of life of the population of Russia», on the topic: 6.9.1.2 «Study of the impact of chemical production factors under conditions of chronic stress» No. NIOKTR I124021200153-3.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayat, M. A Systematic Review of Preclinical Studies Investigating the Effects of Pharmacological Agents on Learning and Memory in Prolonged Aluminum Exposure Induced Neurotoxicity / M. Hayat, N. U. H. Khola, T. Ahmed // Brain Sci. — 2025. — Vol. 15, № 8. — P. 849. DOI: 10.3390/brainsci15080849.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hayat, M. A Systematic Review of Preclinical Studies Investigating the Effects of Pharmacological Agents on Learning and Memory in Prolonged Aluminum Exposure Induced Neurotoxicity / M. Hayat, N. U. H. Khola, T. Ahmed // Brain Sci. — 2025. — Vol. 15, № 8. — P. 849. DOI: 10.3390/brainsci15080849.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rebai, O. Chronic exposure to aluminum chloride in mice: exploratory behaviors and spatial learning / O. Rebai, N. E. Djebli // Adv Biol Res. — 2008. — Vol. 2, № 1—2. — P. 26—33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rebai, O. Chronic exposure to aluminum chloride in mice: exploratory behaviors and spatial learning / O. Rebai, N. E. Djebli // Adv Biol Res. — 2008. — Vol. 2, № 1—2. — P. 26—33.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walton, J. R. Cognitive deterioration and associated pathology induced by chronic low level aluminum ingestion in a translational rat model provides an explanation of Alzheimer’s disease, tests for susceptibility and avenues for treatment / J. R. Walton // International Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. — 2012. — Vol. 2012, № 1. — P. 914947.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walton, J. R. Cognitive deterioration and associated pathology induced by chronic low level aluminum ingestion in a translational rat model provides an explanation of Alzheimer’s disease, tests for susceptibility and avenues for treatment / J. R. Walton // International Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. — 2012. — Vol. 2012, № 1. — P. 914947.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">He, C. Whole transcriptome analysis of aluminum exposed rat hippocampus and identification of ceRNA networks to investigate neurotoxicity of Al / C. He [et al.] // Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. — 2021. — Vol. 26. — P. 1401—1417.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">He, C. Whole transcriptome analysis of aluminum exposed rat hippocampus and identification of ceRNA networks to investigate neurotoxicity of Al / C. He [et al.] // Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. — 2021. — Vol. 26. — P. 1401—1417.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Skalny, A. V. Molecular mechanisms of aluminum neurotoxicity: Update on adverse effects and therapeutic strategies / A.V. Skalny, M. Aschner, Y. Jiang [et al.] // Advances in neurotoxicology. — Academic Press, 2021. — Vol. 5. — P. 1—34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skalny, A. V. Molecular mechanisms of aluminum neurotoxicity: Update on adverse effects and therapeutic strategies / A.V. Skalny, M. Aschner, Y. Jiang [et al.] // Advances in neurotoxicology. — Academic Press, 2021. — Vol. 5. — P. 1—34.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Islam, F. Exposure of metal toxicity in Alzheimer’s disease: An extensive review / F. Islam [et al.] // Front Pharmacol. — 2022. — Vol. 13. — P. 903099.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Islam, F. Exposure of metal toxicity in Alzheimer’s disease: An extensive review / F. Islam [et al.] // Front Pharmacol. — 2022. — Vol. 13. — P. 903099.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen, L. Homeostasis and metabolism of iron and other metal ions in neurodegenerative diseases / L. Chen, Q. Shen, Y. Liu [et al.] // Signal Transduct Target Ther. — 2025. — Vol. 10, № 1. — P. 31. DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-02071-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen, L. Homeostasis and metabolism of iron and other metal ions in neurodegenerative diseases / L. Chen, Q. Shen, Y. Liu [et al.] // Signal Transduct Target Ther. — 2025. — Vol. 10, № 1. — P. 31. DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-02071-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rolić, T. Iron Metabolism, Calcium, Magnesium and Trace Elements: A Review / T. Rolić, M. Yazdani, S. Mandić, S. Distante // Biol Trace Elem Res. — 2025. — Vol. 203, № 4. — P. 2216—2225. DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04289-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rolić, T. Iron Metabolism, Calcium, Magnesium and Trace Elements: A Review / T. Rolić, M. Yazdani, S. Mandić, S. Distante // Biol Trace Elem Res. — 2025. — Vol. 203, № 4. — P. 2216—2225. DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04289-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cui, X. The effects of chronic aluminum exposure on learning and memory of rats by observing the changes of Ras/Raf/ERK signal transduction pathway / X. Cui, B. Wang, Z. Zong [et al.] // Food Chem Toxicol. — 2012. — Vol. 50, № 2. — P. 315—319.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cui, X. The effects of chronic aluminum exposure on learning and memory of rats by observing the changes of Ras/Raf/ERK signal transduction pathway / X. Cui, B. Wang, Z. Zong [et al.] // Food Chem Toxicol. — 2012. — Vol. 50, № 2. — P. 315—319.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каримов, Д. Д. Повышение активности транспозона LINE1 при токсическом воздействии гидроксида алюминия / Д.Д. Каримов, Я.В. Валова, А.А. Гизатуллина [и др.] // Медицина труда и экология человека. — 2024. – № 4. – С. 146–154.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karimov, D.D. Increase in LINE1 transposon activity under toxic exposure to aluminum hydroxide / D.D. Karimov, Ya.V. Valova, A.A. Gizatullina [et al.] // Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology. — 2024. — No. 4. — P. 146—154</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Усманова, Э. Н. Токсикокинетика алюминия в организме крыс / Э.Н. Усманова, А.С. Фазлыева, Д.О. Каримов [и др.] // Гигиена и санитария. — 2020. — Т. 99, № 9. — С. 1007—1010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Usmanova, E. N. Toxicokinetics of aluminum in the rat organism / E. N. Usmanova, A. S. Fazlyeva, D. O. Karimov [et al.] // Hygiene and Sanitation. — 2020. — Vol. 99, No. 9. — P. 1007—1010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdel Aal, R. A. Memantine prevents aluminum induced cognitive deficit in rats / R. A. Abdel Aal, A. A. Assi, B. B. Kostandy // Behav Brain Res. — 2011. — Vol. 225, № 1. — P. 31—38. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.06.031.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdel Aal, R. A. Memantine prevents aluminum induced cognitive deficit in rats / R. A. Abdel Aal, A. A. Assi, B. B. Kostandy // Behav Brain Res. — 2011. — Vol. 225, № 1. — P. 31—38. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.06.031.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
