Noninvasive monitoring of fetal development of ducks using MRI and a set of comparative methods

Abstract

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has proven to be a highly effective non-invasive tool for the study of avian embryogenesis, enabling detailed visualization of internal structures without compromising egg integrity. In this study, MRI was combined with conventional approaches, including candling, anatomical dissection, and radiography, to provide a comprehensive evaluation of duck embryonic development. A total of 60 embryos were monitored daily from day 1 to day 27 of incubation, allowing the identification of key stages of growth and structural differentiation. MRI provided high-resolution three-dimensional images of the vascular system, internal organs, and skeletal structures, with particular sensitivity at later developmental stages. Notably, by day 22, the yolk sac began to retract into the abdominal cavity, and by day 27 the embryo reached complete formation and initiated shell pipping. Comparative analysis demonstrated that each method contributed unique information: ovoscopy allowed rapid assessment of embryo viability, radiography provided clear images of skeletal ossification, while MRI offered superior visualization of soft tissues and dynamic processes in real time. The strong concordance between MRI data and anatomical dissection confirmed the reliability of this technique for continuous, non-destructive monitoring of embryogenesis. The findings highlight the applicability of MRI not only as a fundamental research tool but also as a promising method for optimizing incubation protocols and improving poultry breeding practices. The ability to track organogenesis and morphological changes in vivo provides new opportunities for early detection of developmental abnormalities, assessment of environmental influences, and refinement of incubation management strategies.