Pre-anaesthetic screening echocardiology study of dogs with heart disease

Abstract

Any surgical intervention has a certain danger, since it is associated with the possibility of developing intra- and postoperative complications. In this regard, preoperative preparation should minimize the risk of surgery. This is especially urgent for animals with chronic heart disease. [1] The cardiovascular system cannot meet the metabolic demands of the body, resulting in a deficiency of oxygen, nutrients and energy in the body. Excessive metabolic production disrupts metabolism, reduces alkaline reserve and develops acidosis. These factors cause in the tissues a complex of morphological and functional disorders of structures, nerve endings, blood and lymphatic vessels. In response to this damage, the body responds with a general and local protective-adaptive reaction. An important role in the regulation of an extreme stimulus belongs to the body's neurohumoral defense. Functional disorders of the nervous and endocrine system can reduce in the resistance of cells, tissues and physiological functions of the body and, as a result of cardiovascular complications, can be the cause of death. [5] The most important link in neurohumoral pathological reactions is the pathogenic increase in apoptosis, fibrosis of cardiomyocytes, the risk of ischemia, arrhythmia and load on the left ventricle. The development of hemodynamic changes trigger the mechanism of neuro-hormonal activation, leading to complications after anesthesia. The main methods of objective assessment of the state of the cardiovascular system EchoCG, ECG, Holter study, MRI, ECG and Holter monitoring assess the electrical activity of the heart, latent arrhythmias, but do not allow assessing the internal structure, heart function and heart hemodynamics. In this context, echocardiography is an informative diagnostic method in dogs before anesthesia, allowing to visualize the complete picture for a comprehensive study of the structures and functions of the heart.