The venous bed of the shoulder and forearm area of the fruits of blackand-white cows

Embryonic development and formation of the bloodstream, namely the venous outflow highways of the shoulder and forearm area in the fetuses of black-and-white cows, in our opinion, are an urgent topic for study. Unfortunately, despite active measures to prevent limb injuries in animals, modern veterinary agricultural complexes continue to face periodic non-contagious diseases associated with limb injury. The cascade of reactions occurring in the body after an injury is inextricably linked with the venous system of fluid outflow from the limbs of animals. The corpses of fetuses of black-and-white cows aborted at the fifth month of pregnancy with no signs of infectious diseases were used as the studied material. In total, five fruits were examined, delivered from private farms of the Leningrad region. The following research methods were used: fine anatomical dissection, vasorentgenography, morphometry using an electronic caliper, measuring ruler and the RadiAnt DICOM Viewer program. As a result of the study, we found that in the fetuses of black-and–white cows at the fifth month of pregnancy, the outflow of venous blood from the shoulder and forearm area is carried out through the following vessels: the superficial venous trunk in the forearm area is formed by the additional subcutaneous vein and the subcutaneous vein of the forearm; the deep venous trunk is formed by the median radial vein, as well as the initial sections of the shoulder veins and median vein of the elbow. The largest diameter in the forearm area are the veins of the superficial trunk. This is due to the fact that it takes the bulk of the blood from the brush area. Venous valves are located more often in the vessels of the deep trunk than in the superficial trunk. This is due to their location and hemodynamic functions, as they contract more strongly than the surface ones. An extensive venous bed is necessary for the passage of a large amount of blood, so the diameter of the vessels of the deep trunk of the shoulder area is larger than the surface.

1. Bylinskaya, D. S. Epidural vertebral venous plexus of the cervical spine in calves / D. S. Bylinskaya, N. V. Zelenevsky, A.V. Prusakov [et al.] // Hippology and veterinary medicine. 2019:4(34):63-66. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=43146335

2. Bylinskaya, D. S. Venous blood outflow from the cervical spinal cord in calves / D. S. Bylinskaya, D. V. Vasiliev [et al.] // Morphology in the XXI century: theory, methodology, practice: Proceedings of the AllRussian (national) scientific and practical conference, Moscow, 01-04 June 2021. – Moscow: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology - MBA named after K.I. Scriabin", 2021:34-36. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=45841490

3. Bylinskaya, D. S. Unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta of a domestic cat according to vasorentgenography / D. S. Bylinskaya, M. V. Shchipakin, V. A. Khvatov // Hippology and veterinary medicine.2022:1(43):112-121. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=48157507

4. Vasiliev, D. V. Variant anatomy of the axillary vein in pigs of meat breeds / D. V. Vasiliev, M. V. Shchipakin // Borodino readings: Materials of the III International Scientific and Practical Conference dedicated to the 90th anniversary of Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Yuri Ivanovich Borodin, Novosibirsk, March 22, 2022. – Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk State Medical University, 2022. – pp. 92-97. Access mode: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=48518184

5. Zelenevsky, N. V. Extramural venous vascularization of the thoracic limb of a sheep of the dorper breed / N. V. Zelenevsky, D. S. Bylinskaya, D. V. Vasiliev, V. A. Khvatov // Questions of veterinary histology: collection of scientific papers / Editor–in-chief - Yunusov H.B., Deputy editor– inchief - Fedotov D. N. Volume Issue 1. – Samarkand: Samarkand Institute of Veterinary Medicine, 2020:32-37. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=44825779

6. Zelenevsky, N. V. Venous and lymphatic channels of the thoracic limb of a goat / N. V. Zelenevsky, K. N. Zelenevsky // Hippology and veterinary medicine. 2015:1(15):25-33. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=24252718

7. Zelenevsky, N. V. Valves of veins as one of the mechanisms of adaptation of the vascular system to work in the gravitational field of the Earth / N. V. Zelenevsky, A. P. Vasiliev, L. K. Loginova // Materials of the jubilee international scientific conference dedicated to the 200th anniversary of higher veterinary education in Russia and the 200th anniversary of SPbGAVM, St. PetersburgSt. Petersburg, January 28 – 01, 2008. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine, 2008:35-38. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=25396102

8. Shchipakin, M. V. Anatomy of the skeleton of the shoulder and forearm in basset Hound dogs / M. V. Shchipakin, S. V. Virunen, A.V. Prusakov, D. S. Bylinskaya // Bulletin of the Voronezh State Agrarian University. 2016:3(50):114-119. DOI: 10.17238/issn2071-2243.2016.3.114. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=27238644

9. Zelenevsky, N. V. Anatomy and physiology of farm animals: Textbook for SPO / N. V. Zelenevsky, M. V. Shchipakin, K. N. Zelenevsky. – St. Petersburg: Publishing House "Lan", 2022:448.

10. Zelenevsky, N. V. Anatomy and physiology of animals: textbook for students of educational institutions of secondary vocational education / N. V. Zelenevsky, A. P. Vasiliev, L. K. Loginova. – 3rd edition, stereotypical. – Moscow: Academy, 2010:368.

11. Melnikov, S. Methods for studying the ductus venosus in animals / S. Melnikov, D. Bylinskaya, N. Zelenevskiy [et al.] // FASEB Journal. 2022:36:S1:3727. DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.S1.R3727. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=48546731

12. Shchipakin, M. V. Aortic arch and its branches in horses in the prenatal period of development / M. V. Shchipakin, D. S. Bylinskaya, V. A. Khvatov // Izvestia of agricultural science of Taurida. 2022:31(194):130-138. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=49953365

13. Krishtoforova, B. V. Veterinary neonatology with the basics of reproductology: monograph / B. V. Krishtoforova, N. V. Saenko, V. V. Lemeshchenko. - Simferopol: Polyprint, 2020:300. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=44821225