Morpho-structural modification in fish organism fromnatural lakes of the subpolar Ural

Histopathological alterations in functionally important organs were revealed in feral fish from natural lakes of the Subpolar Uralnot affected to anthropogenic impact. Peled (CoregonuspeledL.) and European grayling (Thymallusthymallus L.), that arethe most numerous representatives of native ichthyofauna and sensitive to environmental quality,were objects of the study.The assessment of the fish organism was carried out on the basis of the pathologic-morphological method, gills, liver and kidneys were used as the main histological indicators. It was revealed that hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the epithelial cells dominated among the gill histo-structure lesions. Its progression resulted indegenerative alterations (epithelial lifting of the secondary lamellae and necrosis of epithelial cells). Degenerative lesions of hepatocytes as necrosis and lipoid degeneration were prevalence in liver.Dominated alterations in kidney consisted of tubular epithelial necrosis (detachment of the tubular epithelial cells from the underlying tubular basement membrane, deposits of desquamating tubular cells and casts in the lumina of the tubuli), glomerulonephritis, and lipoid degeneration. It was shown that the heart and reproductive organs were the most inert to the influence of various toxicants. It was determined that thehistopathological alterations founde dinthestudy were not speciesspecific andcould be interpreted as nonspecific responses of organism to changes of environmental quality.It was revealed that a number of registered disorders (necrotic processes, degenerative changes) are irreversible; some changes (hypertrophy, hyperplasia) are structural and functional bases of adaptive reactions, allowing the fish to survive in the changed state of the environment. It was made the analysis of possible causes of pathologies, including technogenic pollution as a result of transboundary emission of pollutants, temperature jumps during the year, infectious diseases and parasitic infestations, reducing the resistance of fish to diseases.

рыбы , качество среды , патологии , гистологические индикаторы, fish , environmentalquality , pathologies , biomarkers

1. Аршаница, Н.М. Патоморфологический анализ состояния рыб в полевых и экспериментальных исследованиях / Н.М. Аршаница, Л.А. Лесников // Методы ихтиотоксикологических исследований: Тез. докл. Первого Всесоюз. симпоз. - Л.: изд. ГосНИОРХ НПО Промрыбвод. -1987. - С.7-9.

2. Голованов В.К. Эколого-физиологические закономерности распределения и поведения пресноводных рыб в термоградиентных условиях. Автореф. дисс. канд. биол. наук. - М. -2012. - 25 с.

3. Богданова Е.А. Паразиты рыб как биоиндикаторы токсикологической ситуации в водоеме. Методическое пособие. СПб.: ГосНИОРХ. - 1993. - 28 с.

4. Жил, Н.М. Ресурсы поверхностных вод СССР. Том 3. Северный край / Н.М. Жил, И.М. Алюшинская. - Л.: Гидрометеоиздат. - 1972. - 664 с.

5. Лукин, А.А. Патология рыб как индикатор качества вод Кольского Севера / А.А. Лукин // Проблемы химического и биологического мониторинга экологического состояния водных объектов Кольского Севера. - Апатиты: Изд. Кольского Научного Центра РАН. - 1995. - С.105-119.

6. Лукин, А.А. Оценка качества вод на основе гистологических исследований / А.А. Лукин, Ю.Н. Шарова (Ю.Н. Лукина) // Водные ресурсы. - 2004. - Т. 31, № 4 - С. 481-486.

7. Лукьяненко, В.И. Ихтиотоксикология. М.: Агропром. - 1983. - 383 с.

8. Матей, В.Е. Жабры пресноводных костистых рыб: Морфофункциональная организация, адаптация, эволюция. СПб.: Наука. - 1996. - 204 с.

9. Моисеенко, Т.И. Рассеянные элементы в поверхностных водах суши: Технофильность, биоаккумуляция и экотоксикология. М.: Наука. - 2006. - 261 с.

10. Патова, Е.Н. / Е.Н. Патова, И.Н. Стерлягова // Вода: Химия и Экология. -2012. - № 5 - С. 114-121.

11. Пономарев, В.И. Национальный парк «Югыд ва». Общая характеристика территории / В.И. Пономарев, Н.И. Тимонин. - М.: Дизайн. Информация. Картография. - 2001. -С. 10-24.

12. Роскин, Г.И. Микроскопичечкая техника / Г.И. Роскин, Л.Б. Левинсон. - М.: Сов. Наука. - 1957. - 486 с.

13. Adams, S.M. Biological indicators of aquatic ecosystem stress / S.M. Adams // American Fisheries Society. - Bethesda, MD. - 2002. - 644 p.

14. Cerqueira, C.C.C. Gill tissue recovery after cooper exposure and blood parameter responses in the tropical fish Prochilodus scrofa / C.C.C. Cerqueira, M.N. Fernandes // Ecotox. Envir. Saf. - 2002. - Vol. 52. - P. 83-91.

15. Couillard, C.M. Histopathological evaluation of Atlantic tomcod (Microgadus tomcod) collected at estuarine sites receiving pulp and paper mill effluent / C.M. Couillard, P.J. Williams, S.C. Courtenay, G.P. Rawn // Aquat. Toxicol. - 1999. - Vol. 44. -P. 263-278.

16. Diniz, M.S. Evaluation of the sub-lethal toxicity of bleached kraft pulp mill effluent to Carassius auratus and Dicentrarchus labrax / M.S. Diniz, R. Pereira, A.C. Freitas et al. // Water, Air, Soil Pollut. - 2011. -Vol. 217. - P.35-45.

17. Karlsson, L. Gill morphology in the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton-Buchaman) / L. Karlsson // J. Fish Biol. -1983. - Vol. 23 - P. 511-524.

18. Kelly, S.A. Oxidative stress in toxicology: established mammalian and emerging piscine model systems / S.A. Kelly, C.M. Havrilla, T.C. Brady et al. // Environ. Health Persp. - 1998. - Vol.106. - P. 375-384.

19. Mallat, J. Fish gill structural changes induced by toxicants and other irritants: a statistical review / J. Mallat // Can. J. Fisheries Aquat. Sci. - 1985. - Vol. 42. - P. 630648.

20. Mohamed, F.A. Impacts of environmental pollution in the southern region of Lake Manzalah, Egypt, on the histological structures of the liver and intestine of Oreochromis niloticus and Tilapia zillii / F.A. Mohamed, // Journal of Egyptian Academic Society for Environmental Development. -2001. - Vol. 2. - P. 25-42.

21. Mueller, M.E. Nature and time course of accumulation to aluminum in juvenile brook trout II. Gill histology / M.E. Mueller, D.A. Sanchez, H.L. Bergman, D.G. McDonald, R.G. Rhem, C.M. Wood // Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. - 1991. - Vol. 48 - P. 2016-2027.

22. Nero V. Gill and liver histopathological changes in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) exposed to oil sands process-affected water / V. Nero, A. Farwell, A. Lister // Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. - 2006. - Vol. 63. - P.365-377.

23. Pacyna, E.G. Global emission of mercury from anthropogenic sources / E.G. Pacyna, J.M. Pacyna // Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. - 2002. - Vol. 137. - P. 143-165.

24. Roberts, R. Fish Pathology. London: Bailliere Tindall. - 1978. - 318 p.

25. Rodrigues, R.V. Deleterious effects of water-soluable fration of petroleum, diesel and gasoline on marine pejerry Odontesthes argentinensis larvae / R.V. Rodrigues, , K.C. Miranda-Filho, E.P. Gusmäo et al. // Sci. Tot. Environ. - 2010. - Vol. 408. - P.2054-2059.

26. Simonato, J.D. Biochemical, physiological, and histological changes in the neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus exposed to diesel oil / J.D. Simonato, C.L.B. Guedes, C.D.R. Martinez // Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. - 2008. - Vol. 69. - P. 112-120.

27. Trump, B.F., Jones, R.T., Sahaphong, S. Cellular effects of mercury on fish kidney tubules // B.F. Trump, R.T. Jones, S. Sahaphong The Pathology of Fishes / Eds W.E. Ribelin, G. Migaki. W.: Univ. Wisconsin Press, 1975. P. 585-612.

28. Van Heerden, D. Effects of short-term copper exposure on gill structure, metallothionein and hypoxia-inducible factor-1a (HIF-1a) levels in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) / D.Van Heerden, A.Vosloo, M. Nikinmaa // Aquat. Toxicol. - 2004. - Vol. 69. - P. 271-280.

29. Veiga, M.L. Histopathologic changes in the kidney tissue of Prochilodus lineatus, 1836 (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) induced by sublethal concentration of Trichlorfon exposure / M.L. Veiga, E.L. Rodrigues, F.J. Pacheco, M.J.T. Ranzani-Paiva // Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. - 2002. - Vol. 45. - P. 171175.

30. Wolf, J.C. A brief overview of nonneo-plastic hepatic toxicity in fish / J.C. Wolf, M.J. Wolfe // Toxicol. Pathol. - 2005. - Vol. 33. - № 1. - P. 75-85.