Features of branching of venous vessels of the esophagus, goiter and glandular stomach in chicken

Abstract

The aim of this study was to clarify the sources of venous outflow from the esophagus, crop, and gizzard in the Hisex White chicken, as well as to establish patterns of venous branching within them. Five 160-day -old Hisex White female chicken carcasses served as the study material. Dissection and the preparation of cleared specimens were used to study the birds' venous system. Three birds were used to prepare angioosteotopic specimens using Redont acrylic resin with the addition of oil paints for venous morphometry. We established that all the veins of the esophagus, crop, and gizzard in chickens form a single hemodynamic system, which is subdivided into main veins (right and left jugular veins), extraorgan veins (ascending and descending esophageal veins, dorsal and ventral proventricular veins), and intraorgan veins. Venous drainage from the esophageal walls occurs through 5-7 branches, which enter the ascending and descending esophageal veins and then the corresponding jugular veins. Venous drainage from the crop occurs through the right, left, and ventral crop veins. The veins of the chicken's glandular stomach are represented by superficial and deep venous vessels. The superficial veins— the proventricular, dorsal, and ventral veins, located on its respective surfaces—drain blood from the glandular stomach, while the deep veins, where a powerful submucosal plexus forms in the form of reticular, transverse, and arcuate anastomoses, drain watersoluble substances into the venous blood. The glandular stomach has an ovalelongated shape, therefore, in the branching of the venous vessels, a characteristic structure is observed in the form of rounded cells, which have the same thickness throughout the entire length of the organ in accordance with the flow of transorgan blood flow.