Infectious and invasive diseases cause huge economic damage to pig farming, among which a large proportion is occupied by diseases caused by protozoa and helminths. These infestations can lead not only to death and forced slaughter, but also to a significant slowdown in the growth and development of animals. Eimeriosis and iso-sporosis of pigs are widespread diseases characterized by lesions of the small and large intestine. The pathogens of the disease are up to 15 species of Eimeria and 3 species of isospores. The most susceptible to the disease are pigs from ten days of age to two months of age. Older pigs also get sick, but in a mild form. The most severe diseases occur when combined infestations of protozoa and intestinal nematodes. A total of 1,330 pigs (suckling pigs, weaning pigs, rearing pigs, gestating and suckling sows) were examined in different seasons of the year. Coproscopy of Eimeria oocysts and nematode eggs was performed using the double centrifugation method, and balantidia were detected in a native smear. The extent of infestation (EI) was determined by detecting parasites in 30 fecal samples, and the intensity of infestation (AI) was determined by counting them in 20 fields of view of the microscope. The species of coccidia was determined by the determinant of parasitic protozoa, and helminth eggs were determined by an improved method of double centrifugation. The article presents study data of mixed intestinal infestations of pigs. It was found that most often animals become infected with eimeria, isospores, balantidium and roundworms. These parasites are found in groups of pigs of different ages, both singly and in combination. The season, age and their place of detention affect the extent of the invasion. The timely implementation of therapeutic and preventive measures on pig farms leads to a decrease in the manifestation of associative animals’ diseases. A selective ovoscopic examination of pigs of all age groups once a season helps to prevent the spread of invasion on the farm.

According to experimental data, in the Republic of Dagestan, the cows examined in the mountains are more infested than on the lowland. EI is 28 percent. The research results showed that invasion with dicroceliosis had a clear picture associated with an increase in the intensity of invasion in adult cows and late fall in young animals. In mixed helminthiases of cattle, the main source of dicroceliosis and echinococcosis in the Chechen Republic,when the animals are kept on farms with stall-grazing and distant-grazing in alpine meadows, mainly are infested young animals, aged from one to two years, and adult cows. With distant pasture maintenance, in calves aged three to seven months, mixt- invasion of dicroceliosis and echinococcosis were not observed; in calves from seven months. up to a year were detected EI - 20.0 with AI of dicrocelium 240.9 ± 19.2ex. and II echino-coccus AI 16.7 ± 1.8 ind./ goal; in young animals from one year to two years, according to EI-40.0% (AI dicrocelium 391.4 ± 37.5 specimens and echinococcus 28.9 ± 3.2 specimens /head); found in cows with EI -60.0% (AI dicrocelium 587.6 ± 38.2 ind. and II echinococcus 47.4 ± 3.9 ind. / goal). On average, the intensity of mixtinvasion of all age groups of cattle were, respectively, EI -20.0%(AI dicroceliosis 203.3 ± 15.8 ind. and II echinococcosis 15.5 ± 1.5 ind. / head). The obtained data of the extense invasion and intensification of mixed helminthiases of dicroceliosis and echinococcosis in cattle and the biological nature of the infection are completely dependent on the technology of keeping both young animals and adult animals.

Dirofilariasis is caused by two types of parasitic worms - Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens. Both species of dirofilariaare obligate absolute parasites and are in antagonistic relations with their own hosts. The invasion caused by the adult stages of D. immitis, especially at high intensity, results in the death of 70-80% of dogs. Dirofilariasis is practically not studied in the territory of Armenia. The article is devoted to determining the spread of dirofilariasis and the prevalence rates in the Republic of Armenia in the areas: Shirak, Aragatston, Armavir, Ararat and Syunik. It was found that in 100% of cases the pathogen was D. immitis. Using an immunochromatographic instrument-free test system, the average prevalence rate in the regions was revealed, which amounted to 8.5%. In 87.5% of cases, dirofilariasis was observed in the farms of Armavir and Ararat regions, which are the most disadvantaged for this disease and are recorded in dogs aged 3 to 8 years. Thus, in the territory of Armenia, a local focus of carnivorous dirofilariasis is actively functioning, which extends along the left bank and on the plains along the middle reaches of the Arax river from falling into it Akhuryan river and stretches from the north-west to the southeast up to Azerbaijan Nakhichevan

This article is devoted to the study of susceptibility of sheep to bio - and geohelminthes at an altitude of 1200 - 3500 m. The sea in the mountain tracts of Kabardino-Balkaria. It is established that in the tracts of Intsyty, Dzhalpak, home, Dougat, located at an altitude of 1200 - 1500 m. the sheep have the same frequency of occurrence. In the tracts of Intsyty, Dzhalpak, home, Dougat, gastrointestinal helminths of 12 species, with the exception of the species T. skrjabini Kalant., 1928, had a high EI level of47-69%. The tracts Shyki, Bashil, Irikchat, Tyzyl located at an altitude of 1500 - 2000 m.n.u. Sea, sheep folk selection of 5 types of bio -and geohelminthes were found with high incidence (EI = 45-70%); 6 species above the average level of occurrence (EI = 2938%); 13 species with an average level (EI = 13-24%; 2 species with low levels of registration (EI = 6-12%). Sheep national selec tion in the tract Irikchat, Tyzyl, Gil-Su, Ushtulu, Adylsu at an altitude of 2000 - 2500 m, are defined 4 types geohelminthes, they found a higher than average incidence levels (EI = 30-40%); 6 species with an average level of occurrence (ee = 14-26%); 3 species with a weak registration (EI = 7-12%). At an altitude of 2500 - 3000 m in the hole Dykhtau, Zhangugan, Donguz-Orun and Ulla-tau in sheep folk selection highlighted 3 types geohelminthes with an average level of occurrence (EI = 15-27%); 5 species with a weak indicator of EI = 6-11%. The tracts Azau, Cheget, Tau ёzen and Shaurtu at an altitude of 3000 - 3500 m.n.u. Sea, sheep worming national selection was not selected, because at these altitudes, virtually no favorable abiotic conditions for their circadian rhythm.

The invasion of small cattle by monieziosis in the Russian Federation occurs everywhere and causes great economic damage to sheep farms, leading to the death of lambs and to decrease of meat and wool quality. In lambs infected with monieziosis, there is a lack in weight gain of 1.5 - 3 kg, as well as a decrease in the production of quality wool from a sheep to one kilogram. Damage from intestinal helminthozises, in particular cestodosis , leads to death and forced slaughter, poor-quality wool and non-viable offspring. The dynamics of the epizootological process, patterns of the spread and course of the invasion in the North Caucasus region remain poorly studied, especially of the intestinal cestodes, namely monieziosis of small cattle. Taking into account the climate conditions of the Chechen Republic, and the lack of the knowledge of invasion, it is necessary to study natogeorgia and species composition of causative agents of monieziosis of small ruminants, particularly sheep. The purpose of our research was to study the ecology and prevalence of monieziosis of sheep of different age groups in the plains of the Chechen Republic, to identify the species and age groups of monieziosis. In the flat areas of the Chechen Republic, infection with monieziosis determines the ecological balance of the parasitic structures of the cestodes. The extensiveness and intensity of M. exports are compared with M. benedeni more. In lowland farms, lambs of small cattle have an EI of 12.9 - 16.7% with an EI of 2.2 ECZ / head.; young animals 9.1-11.1% and 2.1 ex/head.; in sheep, 4, 9 - 6.1% and 1.0-1.3 ex / head. EI M. benedeni lambs 7,3 - 8,1, AI-1,2 - 1,3 ex/goal.; young EI-5.6 -6.5% II-1ekz / goal. M. expansa was not found in mature sheep. In lowland areas, sheep monieziosis is observed with focal prevalence in all the farms studied by us during the year.

Most modern pet species have awide breed variability. The genetic aspect plays a significant role in the development of individual pathologies. A retrogen encoding fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4), when inserted into the chromosome 18of dogs (CFA18), leads to chondrodysplasia, phenotypically manifesting itself as shortened limbs in dogs. The incorporation of the FGF4 retrogene into chromosome 12 (CFA12) leads to a similar phenotype, but associated with an increased degeneration of the intervertebral discs. Although many retrogens are considered “silent”pseudogenes, the FGF4 retrogene in cases of chondrodysplasia and chondrodystrophy is transcriptionally activated and leads to hyperactivation of the fibroblast growth factor 3 receptor (FGFR3). Mutations are dominant, but links with spinal problems have been identified only for one, where the retrogene is integrated into chromosome 12. Thus, dogs with the phenotype of short limbs are at risk for degenerative disease of the intervertebral discs, however, the disease recorded among animals is not related to chondrodystrophoids. The genetic predisposition of dogs of chondrodystrophoid breeds to degeneration of intervertebral discs is not a pathognomonic criterion for its presence. The study included genetic tests of dogs of different breeds, which were examined for compression myelopathy as a result of degeneration of the intervertebral discs. During testing, the purpose of which was to find correlation, the corresponding pedigree predispositions and clinical manifestations of degenerative diseases of the intervertebral discs among 20 dogs (14 chondrodystrophoid and 6 non-chondrodystrophoid) wereconfirmed, in 14 cases (i.e. 70%) discogenic compression was revealed during tomography.

Industrial injuries in pig farms of closed type are a very common pathology. However, nowadays, injury prevention and treatment of sick animals in the conditions of industrial pig breeding complex do not bring good results and require improvements. According to the literature, there is no information about the results of the use of ointments and immuno- stimulators in the treatment of pigs with bitten wounds of the ears, tails and other parts of the body. In this regard, we have set a goal to develop therapeutic measures for injuries of piglets in a pig breeding complex of a closed type. We analyzed the prevalence of industrial injuries in pigs. During the clinical examination, we studied the specific structures of injuries. The main cause of pigs injuries in industrial farming is cannibalism. In 28 days, 60% of pigs in the second experimental group, showed complete cicatrization of the wound, and 40% of animals showed this process regenerated on 85-95%, meanwhile 2 days they also had complete scarring of the wound. In 28 days, 50% of pigs of the third experimental group had a complete cicatrization of the wound, and for 50% were observed scarring of the wound by 75-85%, and only after 4 days they demonstrated the complete scaring of the defect. For the treatment of bitten wounds as a result of developing cannibalism, it is recommended, to use local treatment of wounds with chlorhexidine solution and argosulfan ointment daily 2 times a day and also to use the immunostimulator “Ferrovir” in a dose of 1.0 ml/m2 per week. Such scheme of treatment of bitten wounds gives the best therapeutic

Nowadays both international and Russian medical sciences are actively working to improve the methods of evidence and the formation of standards of research and treatment. The necessity to develop common criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of methods of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases exists in veterinary medicine. To achieve this goal, both general veterinary medicine and scientific research in the field of veterinary medicine, must reach the level of evidence that answers the requirements of Evidence Based Medicine. In accordance with the current requirements of Evidence Based Medicine and Good Clinical Practice, at the stage of planning a clinical study of the use of Bovhyaluronidaze azoximer preparations in the companion animals urological treatment, we have calculated the required sample size. In the calculation, we used the results of a pilot study, in which the incidence of postoperative complications in the experimental group was 0.10, in the control group - 0.55. We calculated that for statistical signifi cance testing with significance level a = 0.05 and power p = 0.80 in a clinical trial of the use of bovhyaluronidaze azoximer preparation in the urological practice of companion animals, the sample size should be at least 22 animals in each group (taking into account the possible retirement of patients from the clinical study). And the groups must be equal in volume to achieve the maximum test power.

In recent years, sheep farms in the Leningrad region began to increase import from abroad of sheep breed "Dorper" This breed were bred in the 1930s in the deserts of South Africa. Later this breed began to be exported to Australia, the UK and in small quantities to Russia. Breed "Dorper" very precocious, young quickly gaining live weight up to 500 grams per day. Adult sheep reach a weight up to 90 kg or more. Rams can be used as producers from 5 months. Taking into account that, like all meat breeds of sheep, dorpers are very sensitive to drafts, high humidity, dampness in sheepfields. The object of research- breeding sheep breed "Dorper". The research was carried out in the farm "SP A. Krylov" Leningrad region. Two groups of 3 heads each were formed to treat the rams. In the scheme of treatment of animals of the first (experimental) group, a finely dispersed soft powder (manganese-acid potassium+copper sulfate+ boric acid + streptocide 1:1:3:5) was used, which was applied on the ulcer with the help of a powder blower. For animals of the second group were applied "Konkov ointment". For the rams of both groups were used a short novocaine blockade with an antibiotic (streptomycin) directly under the pathological focus. Repeated treatments were carried out after 3,6,12 16 days. It should be noted that balanoposthitis in rams appears mainly in autumn and spring. The use of complex powders in rams with ulcerative balanoposthitis showed positive dynamics of the course of this disease, reduces the healing time of the ulcer surface by 3-4 days, compared to the conventional treatment in the farm with the use of "Konkov ointment

This article describes the use of the technique for connection of paravasal tissues with adventitia of a parallel-going artery to close a longitudinal defect up to 2 millimeters long in the caudal vena cava. The study was conducted on 6 male white rats. The goal of our work was to evaluate the effectiveness of haemostasis by using the method of connecting paravasal tissues of the caudal vena cava with adventitia of a parallel-running artery. All surgical interventions were performed under general anesthesia, in compliance with the rules of aseptics and antiseptics. A vessel defect was created by dissecting its paravasal tissue and the vein wall in the longitudinal direction with the tip of a 21G injection needle, then it was removed by connecting the paravasal tissue of the caudal vena cava and the aorta adventitia. For this, 2 sutures were applied by using Nylon USP 9-0 with a pricking atraumatic needle. The time taken to close the defect and the effectiveness of haemostasis were evaluated. As a result of the studies, we came to the following conclusions: the average time taken to close the defect was 3.3 ± 0.34 minutes. Unlike the classical method, we do not waste time isolating the vessel from surrounding tissues and the parallel artery, and also the suture is not placed through all layers of the vessel, causing a traumatic effect on the intima. This technique is effective for haemostasis, in five out of six cases, the blood stopped 4 minutes after the closure of the defect on the vessel. And in one of six cases, blood stopped 6 minutes after the closure of the defect.

Diseases of the distal part of the extremities of cattle under the conditions of intensive system of cattle breeding is a widespread phenomenon. The high density of animals on large industrial farms is usually accompanied by such phenomena as result of limited movement, identical feeding, increased contacts of animals with mechanized objects, and more frequent stressful situations leading to a decrease in natural resistance. As a result, the incidences of hoof diseases in cows are increasing and lead to significant economic losses due to decrease in milk yield, live weight, and premature culling of animals. This problem exists in many countries of the world including the CIS countries. It is necessary to notice that one of the causes of the diseases of the fingers is the deformation of the hooves, which develops in the absence of regular orthopedic clearing. An important role to prevent the development of diseases of the hooves belongs to the organization of preventive measures at livestock holdings. To increase the resistance of the hooves to diseases and for treatment purposes, foot baths with hypertonic solution of copper sulfate, formalin and other drugs are offered by the pharmaceutical industry. The bath for hoofs will have the expected impact only if the cow put all four limbs into the solution. It can be ensured in case the bath has at least 3.5 - 4.0 m in length and 0.7 - 0.8 m in width. Moreover, the height of the entrance should be about 20 cm - then additional fingers will be handled. Following the regulations of hooves disinfection leads to high health status of herd.

In veterinary medicine, one of the most relevant area is dentistry of small pets. Of all dentistry diseases - 80% of cases are due to Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion (FORL), which is more often diagnosed in cats. 35 cats have been diagnosed with dental disorders in vet-clinic "Altervet" for the period from November 2018 to April 2019. The analysis of the statistical information was carried out: 86 % of cats, that is 30 heads, were diagnosed FORL. The assessment was carried out according to the degree of tooth damage from x-rays images, and there are 2 types of resorption today: type 1 and type 2. Moreover, one of the examined cats simultaneously detected both types of FORL. Various degrees of tooth damage have been studied. Lesions of various parts of the tooth (crowns, necks, aboral and rostral roots of the teeth) were found, which were marked on radiographs. A statistical analysis of the i ncidence by breed, age, sex of animals and types of feed was conducted. The middle animal age of the disease incidence is 10 years. It was found that animals with pathology were nourished different types of food: mixed, dry, wet and natural. However, a greater number of cats with FORL were fed mixed (14 heads) and dry (8 heads) feed, 47 and 27%, respectively. It was found that in male this pathology is diagnosed more often, in our case it is 73%, than in female- 27%.The disease was more common in mongrel cats - 18 heads, than in thoroughbred animals -12 heads, it turned out 60 and 40% of the number of affected animals. Reliable data on the influence of sex and breed on the occurrence of FORL has not been established.

In this paper, we studied the effect of a probiotic, based on the Enterococcus Faecium L-3 strain on 20 black-motley calves. The effect of the drug on their biochemical parameters of blood serum were studied. The authors found that this drug, which was fed to calves up to 45 days of age, had a positive effect on the biochemical parameters of blood and on the total animal organism.. So, at 14 days of age, blood serum parameters in calves, not receiving the drug, such as: bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were significantly higher than in calves that received probiotic, which indicates possible dystrophic changes in the liver. Also, at 14 days of age in cows, recieving the drug , the blood serum amylase level was significantly higher than of the calves, not receiving the drug. By the age of 30 days, the tendency to a higher content of bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the blood serum, persisted in the calves of the control group, compared with the animals of the experimental group. By the age of 45 days, the levels of bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were also significantly higher in control group of animals, than in experimental group and were 5.0 ± 0.56 pmol / L and 3.72 ± 0.4 pmol / L , 30.66 ± 2.9 IU / L and 16.52 ± 1.2 IU / L, 345.7 ± 30.7 and 226.6 ± 24.1, respectively.The results obtained, indicated that regular feeding of a probiotic based on Enterococcus Faecium L-3 to calves of the milky period, contributes to the normalization of biochemical parameters and greater resistance to gastrointestinal disorders.

The article is devoted to the assessment of the toxic effects of cadmium acetate on fish. The research topic is relevant, since heavy metals, and especially cadmium, are ones of the most dangerous pollutants for the aquatic environment. After the emission of the already used water by the electricity-power plants into the reservoirs of circulating water, a sharp increase in the maximum permitted concentrations of heavy substances can be observed often, which act on hydrobionts for a rather short period of time. That is why, modeling this effect is necessary to study the effects of heavy metals. The aim of the assay was to study the hematological parameters of carp after exposure to various concentrations of cadmium acetate. During the experiment, 5 groups of fish were formed - 1 control group (10 fish), 4 experimental groups - 10 fish each. The experimental groups of fish were exposed in a solution of cadmium acetate (Cd (CH3COO) 2) with concentrations of 0.05 mg / l, 0.5 mg / l, 5 mg / l, 50 mg / l (exceeding the maximum permissible concentration of cadmium for fisheries in 10, 100, 1000 and 10000 times respectively). We have investigated: the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, the number of red blood cells in the blood and the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood. During the study, the authors noted an increase in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate due to the formation of conglomerates of blood cells with plasma proteins, as well as a decrease in the number of red blood cells due to the toxic effect of cadmium acetate. A decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood was also observed, probably associated with a decrease in the number of red blood cells due to their lysis. With an increase in the concentration of the metal under study, there is a significant increase in ESR, a decrease in the level of hemoglobin and the number of red blood cells.

Sheep farming is one of the main branch of animal husbandry, which is of great national economic importance. For the study at the department of animal anatomy of St. Petersburg state Academy of veterinary medicine was used cadaver material from animals, obtained during slaughter from the "Gzhelskoe Podvorye", Moscow region. For the study was used a complex anatomical technique, including thin anatomical dissection, vasography and macrophotography. Intravascular injection was performed through the abdominal aorta. The contrasting mass for x-ray diagnostics was a suspension of lead meerkat in turpentine with rectified ethyl alcohol and glycerin. Then the material was fixed for 5 days in 10% formalin solution. X-ray diagnostics of cadaver material was performed on a Gierthhf 200A Power x-ray machine with the following technical conditions: 40 kV, 0.42 mAs. Focal length 90 cm, raster grid was not used. All measurements and calculations were performed in the Canon electronic program. Based on our research, we found for the first time that the lungs of the studied animals receive blood from two different vascular systems. The first refers to the small circle of blood circulation and is represented by the pulmonary arteries. The second originates from the large circle of blood circulation and is represented by the bronchial arteries. In this case, both systems take an unequal part in the nutrition of the lungs. Thus, the bronchial arteries feed the structures of the bronchial tree, the parenchyma of the lungs, as well as their lymph nodes and pleura. We also found that the largest increase in the diameter of these vessels occurs in these animals from five to six months to one year.

The basis for the study was cadaver material from animals obtained during slaughter from the "Gzhelskoe Podvorye", Moscow region. Four age groups were formed. The first group included newborn animals. The second group included animals of one month. The third group included young animals of five or six months. The fourth group consisted of goats, starting from one year old. The age of the animals was determined according to the data obtained from monitor cards. A total of twenty heads were examined. Based on our research, primarily we established that the change in the topography of the right and left kidney in Anglo-Nubian goats exists mainly because of the displacement of the caudal end of the kidney cranially at a distance equal to the length of one or two vertebrae. In both kidneys, the anterior or cranial end does not have a pronounced displacement. Studying kidney syntopia in goats, we found confirmation that the caudal hollow vein together with the abdominal aorta lie dorsally from the kidneys, while the rumen sac is located laterocranially from the left kidney, when it overflows, a slight change in the topography of the kidney can be visualized, and parts of the duodenum are located laterocranially. The data we have established confirm the similarity of the Anglo-Nubian breed of goats with goats of other breeds. By studying the vascularization of the kidneys in the Anglo-Nubian goat breed, we confirmed that the renal blood supply is produced by two renal arteries, each of which is directed to the corresponding kidney "L2-L3". We also found that the severe increase in the diameter of the renal arteries occurs in these animals from 1 to 6 months.

The main and most accessible part of pathomorphological research is the macroscopic method, which makes it possible to effectively diagnose various animal diseases. Changes in the liver, as an organ involved in the process of digestion and metabolic reactions, are important in examining the pathogenesis and diagnosis of diseases. A macroscopic study of the liver of 15 cats with various diseases was performed. Among the animals subjected to a pathoanatomic autopsy there were 9 cats and 6 cats, from 2.5 months to 18 years old. The most common changes were liver dystrophy: protein, fat, protein-fat, which were registered in many diseases. The main diseases diagnosed at the autopsy were infectious cat peritonitis, dipylidiosis, liver lipidosis, dis eases of the digestive canal and kidneys, and bone tumors of the lower jaw. Alterative hepatitis was observed in an animal with infectious cat peritonitis. This disease was also accompanied by fibrinous perihepatitis. Cysts in the liver were observed with a similar lesion of the kidneys. The mechanisms of development of identified dystrophies are infiltration of substances entering the liver with blood, and decomposition - the breakdown of complex chemical compounds. Fibrinous perihepatitis is associated with the activity of macrophages that cause high permeability of the wall of small blood vessels, which makes it possible for large fibrinogen molecules to pass through, followed by the formation and accumulation of fibrin. Alterative hepatitis with numerous small foci of necrosis is obviously also associated with the activity of these inflammatory cells. Liver cysts, combined with similar changes in the cortical layer of the kidneys, and in one case, the mucous membrane of the bladder, indicate the innate nature of this pathology

Changes of immunological reactivity to viral and bacterial antigens can cause increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. Different levels of this changes in newborn and adult animal organisms should be based on the fetus and newborn reactivity, first coming into contact with the antigen after birth, whereas the adult organism already has partial sensitization. Chronic vectors of pathological agents in animals and their influence on the spread of infectious process is a persisting problem of modern veterinary medicine. The ability to use vaccination in newborns is limited by the presence of ma ternal antibodies that have immunosuppressive effects. High level of functional abilities of pregnant organism is important in prevention of intrauterine infection. Infection in the prenatal period of development affects fetal growth and development processes on the one hand, and on the other - isoimmunization of the maternal organism with fetal antigens occurs, accompanied by increased sensitivity of the organism with predominant manifestation of cellular phenomena, in the absence of increased synthesis of antibodies. Given the high importance of the functional reserves of the newborn organism, the intrauterine development and completeness of the placental barrier are important. Detection of the transportation of infectious agent in inactive phase during pregnancy of different gestational period should be considered from the point of view of avidity and seropositivity of pregnant animals. The high variety of clinical manifestations of intrauterine infection requires the development of minimally invasive methods of antenatal and intranatal prediction, which allow at the stage of pregnancy and/or childbirth to assess the presence of an agent in a very small amount as the risk of the future development of infectious disease of the fetus and newborn, or complications of the early neonatal period.

Since the clinical manifestation of enteritis of various etiologies has a similar picture, and parvovirus enteritis has a high mortality rate, early diagnosis of this disease is important. A number of publications demonstrate changes in ultrasound parameters during inflammatory bowel diseases. The article is devoted to comparison of ultrasound and histological changes in the wall of the stomach and small intestine with parvovirus enteritis in order to distinguish the most specific ultrasound markers. Object of the study - 53 dogs of mixed breeds of both sexe with a confirmed diagnosis of parvovirus enteritis by polymerase chain reaction in real time from the age of 6 weeks to 7 months. Research were conducted at the Stavropol Veterinary Center named after Pirogov and Veterinary Center of the Stavropol State Agrarian University, by the use of SIUI Apogee 1100 Omni scanner (Shantou Institute of Ultrasonic Instruments Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China), according to the generally accepted method using a multi-frequency linear sensor with a frequency of 5-13 MHz in B-mode. The most characteristic ultrason ic manifestations of canine parvovirus enteritis are hypotension and ectasia of the stomach and loops of the small intestine with the presence of anechogenic fluid content in their cavity; thickening of the surface layer of the mucosa in the form of a hyperechoic strip, a decrease in the ratio of the mucous layer to the entire wall thickness of the duodenum and jejunum by more than 2 times and increased echogenicity of the mucous layer. This picture is a result of the partial necrosis and desquamation of villi, proliferation of cell infiltrate in the mucous layer itself, consisting of lymphocytes, macrophages, a small number of histiocytes and fibroblasts.

The study of ovarian morphology in sheep during age periods, when this organ undergoes a significant restructuring, is of important theoretical and practical importance. In sheep farms in the Eastern zone of the Stavropol territory, histological studies of sheep ovaries in postnatal ontogenesis were performed to determine the thickness of the rudimentary epithelium, the protein envelope, the thickness of the cortical and cerebral layer, as well as the diameter of the follicles and yellow bodies. The results revealed that sheep of Stavropol breed set catalog thickness of epithelium is in the range of 2.07±0,19-of 13.73±0,41 gm, the thickness of the tunica - of 4.91±0,21-of 18.96±0,49 gm, the thickness of the cortical layer - 84,28±6,48-120,55±1,98 gm, and the thickness of the medulla wins with 52.86±2,56-106,85±of 1.76 gm.A significant increase in these structures in the ovary occurs at the time of puberty (six months), further there is a slowdown in the growth rate of layers in the ovary and by nine to twelve months it remains unchanged, which indicates the completion of the development of the organ. Analysis of the dynamics of the diameter of follicles and yellow bodies showed that the diameter of primordial (2.62±0.03-8.37±0.69 microns), primary (25.28±0.97-46.48±5.27 microns), secondary (35.20±3.82-91.57±5.28 microns) follicles increases with age. Tertiary follicles in the ovary are detected at three months, and yellow bodies from six months of life and their diameter is in the range of 372.56±60.28526.17±32.78 microns and 105.32±0.80117.12±0.62 microns, respectively. The reliable data obtained by us on changes in the diameter of follicles and yellow bodies are probably related to the active influence of gonadotropins on the ovaries, which are responsible for the growth, maturation of follicles, ovulation and formation of yellow bodies

Diseases of bacterial etiology lead to decrease in productivity and increase in poultry waste, which causes significant damage to poultry farming. An important reason for the increase in the incidence of staphylococcal infections is the resistance and adaptability of microorganisms to chemotherapeutic agents. The purpose of the presented assay was to study the effect of Ciprofloxacin on the dynamics of leukocyte indices in experimental staphylococcosis of chickens. Three groups of cockerels were involved in the experiment (I - control, II - Staphylococcus aureus infection, III - Staphylococcus aureus infection + Ciprofloxacin solution administration peros during 5 days in a dose of 200 mg/l). Blood was taken directly on the very day of infection for II and III groups, as well as on the 3, 5 and 7 days after infection. Krebs index, leukocyte index, immunoreactivity index, leukocyte index of intoxication, leukocyte shift index, and lymphocyte granulocyte index was determined after counting the leukogram. During the whole experiment, significant statistically reliable changes in the leukocyte indices of chicks of groups II and III were revealed, relative to the control index, which indicates the activation of a number of immune reactions that have a significant impact on the physiological status of the bird. The use of indices for differential counts of leukocytes is a more informative method than taking into account changes in the concentration of certain blood cells.

In the study, the influence of the drug "Vetmedin" on the heart condition of the dogs of small breeds, suffering from chronic cordiac insufficiency, was studied. In the control group of animals , the average thickness of the interventricular septum in the diastole stage (MLPd, mm) was 3.36 ± 0.44 mm, and in the test group 3.41 ± 0.38 mm. The average value of the thickness of the ventricular septum in the systole stage (MLPS, mm) was 4.36 ± 0.52 mm in the control and 4.33 ± 0.39 mm in the test group. The thickness of the posterior wall of the left ventricle in the diastole stage (CDFd, mm) in healthy dogs was 3.66 ± 0.47 mm, and in the test group - 3.58 ± 0.37 mm. The thickness of the posterior wall of the left ventricle at the systole stage (LFRA, mm) was 5.34 ± 0.40 mm and 5.48 ± 0.33 mm, respectively. The results were lower than the minimum acceptable physiological values for dogs and showed excessive tension of heart chambers in sick animals. It was found that oral administration of "Vetmedin" twice a day, at a daily dosage of 0.5 mg /kg of body weight for 30 days, contributed to the improvement of the general condition of animals, increase of their physical activity and decrease of blood pressure at the average on the 26.9% and brought it closer to physiological values. Ultrasound diagnosis of the heart allowed to conclude that this drug contributes to improvement of heart muscle in dogs and leads to normalization of its wall thickness already on the 30th day of administration.

Scientific justification of effective prevention of endemic diseases in productive animals, taking into account the biogeochemical characteristics of the regions, is an urgent problem of modern veterinary and animal science. Therefore, the aim of the assay was to study the dynamics of immunomorphological development of gobies contained in the iodine-seleno deficiency region with administation of trepel, «Polystim», iodomidol and selenopiran. Experiments were carried out on 3 groups of similar bulls for 10 heads each. The studied animals were kept in individual houses and group pavilions using adaptive technology from 2 to 150 days, then up to 540 days (the duration of the experiments) -in industrial farms. Animals of 1 group served as control; groups 2 and 3 were used for 2, 31, 151, 361 days of life, respectively, trepel with «Polystim» and iodomidol with selenopyran according to the schemes developed by us. U 2-, 30-, 60-, 150-, 360-, 390-, 540-diurnal animals of these groups were studied the dynamics of the clinical and physiological state, the content of immuno -, thyroglobulins in the blood; in bulls killed at the age of 30, 150, 540 days-the micromorphology of the thyroid and thymus glands by standard methods. The digital data obtained in the experiments were subjected to biometric analysis (Statistica for Windows and Microsoft Excel-2016). In the simulated studies, the immunemorphological expediency of complex administration to bulls at the beginning of the growing, rearing and fattening periods of the tested bioactive substances was proved, taking into account local iodine and selenium insufficiency. If the immunotrofic effect on the body of trepel with «Polystim» (group 2), and iodomidol with selenopyran (group 3) was almost identical, then the thyriotrofic effect is much more pronounced in animals of group 3.

The aim of our research was to assess the toxicity of complex phytosorbents based on maklea cordate and chitosan. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity in vitro was carried out according to the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph (the method is described in the Pharmacopoeia (OFS.1.2.4.0010.15), three types of phytosorption complex were used as the material for the study. Phytosorbents were included in samples 1-3. In addition to sorbents, sample No. 1, oil of oregano and thyme containing carvacrol (with proven antimicrobial activity in previous experiments) was added, compound Macleaya cordata was added to compound No. 2, and chitosan was added to compound No. 3-components of samples 1. He study of the toxicity of the studied parameters was studied according to the guidelines [5]. The hazard class of the studied drugs was determined according to GOST 12.1.007-76. According to experiments, drugs can be classified as low-hazard substances. Assessment of acute and subacute toxicity proved the absence of negative effects of both drugs on the body of laboratory animals, at a dose twice and four times the recommended therapeutic, which is 6000 mg / goal. and 12000 mg / goal., Do not cause toxic effects and death of animals. And the introduction of complexes with chitosan and macklea, at a dose of 6000 mg / goal. within 28 days, positively affects the body of laboratory rats. That allows research to determine the effectiveness, including on productive animals. Factors that determine the relevance of the development of highly effective phytobiotics and their use in animal husbandry and poultry farming should also include the high profitability of the production of environmentally friendly agricultural products and the task of improving the quality of life of the population.

Intensive consumption of dry feed of low quality, a sedentary lifestyle in animals, chronic infectious diseases of the urinary tract of cats lead to an increase of urolithiasis. We have conducted analysis and evaluation of the veterinary diets "Brit Veterinary Diet Cat Struvite Grain Free" in cats with a stated diagnosis of struvite urolithiasis. The study was conducted in veterinary clinic LLC «Nikavet» in Saint-Petersburg and at the Department of pharmacology and toxicology of SPbGAVM in the autumn-winter period in 2019. The object of clinical and laboratory research were ten domestic cats of different sex, age and breed groups. During the clinical analysis of urine in most patients, urine pH was at the upper limits of the norm or exceeded it at an average of 0.5 units. The urine of all studied animals was muddy with a high density of 0.06 g/l, maximum protein content was in the range of 3.0 g/l, at a rate of 0-0. 04. Such indicators in the urine as leukocytes, urobilinogen, ascorbic acid, epithelium, red blood cells exceeded the permissible limits. Duing urine sediment microscopy in three studied animals, crystals (struvites) occupied the entire field of view. Ultrasound examination of the bladder in animals showed a large and a moderate amount of hyperechoic suspension in the cavity, thickening of the mucous layer and clear differentiation of the layers of the bladder wall. After complex treatment with the use of veterinary diets at 15 th day, the results of the analysis of urine from seven of the ten animals showed a good positive trend for the evaluated criteria (pH, protein, leukocyte count, uroliths and microflora). At the end of 30 days from the beginning of the therapy performed in conjunction with diet therapy, no deviations from physiological norms were detected during ultrasound diagnostics or according to the results of clinical analysis of urine.

The experiment is based on the assessment of water quality, based on the state of the organism of fish and crustaceans. Fish were surveyed in 1970-2016 years. The work was carried out in various regions of the USSR and Russia on reservoirs of various types, on fish farms. Various species and age groups of fish were studied. They were caught with a trawl, nets, a lift and sports fishing gear, and fish larvae were caught with a plankton net. A patho-anatomic method was used to assess the condition of fish. Branched crustaceans were examined in 1989-2016. Samples were collected by plankton grid in reservoirs of the Volga, in lakes of the Karelian isthmus, in mountain lakes of the Western Sayan (East. Siberia), in lakes Ilmen and Sevan (Republic of Armenia) and in lake Ladoga, in the Nyvchim reservoir (Vychegda river basin), in pools of the Bolshezemelskaya tundra, in the Curonian and Finnish bays of the Baltic sea. Samples were stabilized with 4% formalin and viewed under the MBS-9 binocular microscope. Two methods for assessing the level of contamination of freshwater reservoirs were suggested. First: assessment of the level of pollution by the state of the fish organism. Toxicological studies of reservoirs and in experimental conditions have shown that fish were the most informative indicators of pollution of fishery reservoirs. The ecological approach to bioindication of the environment using fish as the individual level is associated with changes in various indicators that characterize certain aspects of fish biology (weight and linear growth rate, fatness, fertility, reproduction process, embryonic and early post-embryonic development, pathologies, etc.). And the second method is to assess the level of contamination based on the state of the organism of pelagic branched crustaceans.

The aim of the research is to develop new efficient method of fish cultivation in a medium with totally controlled conditions. The main task is the morpho-physiological and piscicultural-biological analysis effects of farming fish- breeders and juvenils in salt solutions of different concentrations. Laboratory and industrial fish contents tests for sea water and salt solutions medium of different salinity have been implemented on the most valuable fish species: russian and stellate sturgeon, rainbow trout, bullhead and roach.The results were evaluated by piscicultural-biological and physiological indicators: content state of hemoglobin, total protein, serum osmolarity, abdominal fluid and urine. Cytomorphometrical analysis of the hypothalamic-hypophysial neurosecretory system (HHNS) status was performed by light and electron microscopy. The enhance effects of fish survival, breeders reproductive quality, youngs growth rates were first established for medium with "critical" salinity 4-8% For breeders originally it was shown the possibility to change sea water on the table salt solution of the same concentration. With such a low concentration of salt a new biostimulating effect of this artificial medium on the fish body was installed, due to the absence of its well-known toxicity. The highest degree of survival and delayed sex maturation of roach and stellate sturgeon were specifically installed for the same concentration of industrial salt solutions. The best physiological body state was also shown in this solution (5%) by physiological and biochemical analysis, regarding minimal losses in hemoglobin and serum protein. Histophysiological analysis of the sevruga HHNS state showed the smallest degree of activity in this solution to the end of the experience, proportionate to the severity of stress. Such moderately active HHNS in solution of salt 5% clearly indicates the status of the eustress and high HHNS activity for control groups indicates the typical status of the stress. By electron microscopy study HHNS state sevruga and sturgeon in hypertonic salt solutions of different concentrations it was shown, that at 17 and 22% they were under stress and at 32% represented irreversible disstress. All 3 installed stress status depends on the intensity and duration of exposure. Their effects are alternative and therefore are managed, transforming from bio-stimulation in reversable stress and, after reaching the limits of physiological species cause toxic effect and then a state of disstress and death. The possibility of changing the sea water to industrial salt solution 5-7%, allowed to develop "A method to reserve fish breeders", which ,however, can not be applied for the young fish breeding. So the next stage in the development of this method was to test it already on juvenile and young fish, in order to determine its effective cultivation in this artificial biostim-ulating medium. The results of the search experience on trout fingerlings showed the increased survival and growth in salt solutions, especially in 12% as compared to control. The first experimental verification of this method on the clarias bullhead finger-lings in the recycling aquacultural system (RAS) showed the largest growth rates in 5% salt solution, and its total survival in all variants. Received data and analysis of biostimulated effects impact on the body's critical salinity gives the opportunity to develop a fundamentally new way of cultivation of valuable fish species in an artificial biostimulated habitat. This technique can allow to manage breeding - obtaining offspring and the cultivation of young fish. It is aimed at improving the efficiency of breeding fish in aquaculture due to the availability of the application for any type of fish farms with the effects of increasing survival rate and young growth rate. It is expected that the change of the sea water with the cheap solution of table salt can be widely practiced at fish plants in various fields and at all stages of fish biotechnology works, especially RAS.

The article presents a morphological analysis of different thermal conditions of pork at the cellular level. The purpose of the study is to develop and improve classical histological techniques and methods for assessing the quality of raw meat to determine falsification. And to creat scientifically based methodology of scientific and practical value. The objects of research were raw meat materials - pork with different thermal conditions: chilled, frozen, thawed. As a control, we used histological preparations of fresh pork meat, made by the classical method according to GOST 19496-2013. The studies were carried out in accordance with the classical microstructural analysis and with standardized methods, in the author's modification. The author’s modification of the method allowed to reduce the time for preparing sections for research and to exclude expensive equipment for the preparation of histological sections. Microscopy of sections was carried out using a MicroOptix MX 300 (T) light microscope (West Medica, Austria). Photography of the preparations was carried out using a CAM® V1200 (C) HD video camera (West Medica, Austria). The microstructure of meat undergoes changes in the process of autolysis. Microscopic analysis clearly reveals the general structural features of the studied muscles of chilled and thawed meat, as well as differences in their internal structure. The thickness of the muscle fibers of different muscles is various. The corrugated or folded shape of many muscle fibers of the cooled meat is clearly visible in all muscles on the longitudinal section. Corrugated fibers have a slight contraction or are completely loose, and at the same time the adjacent straight fibers are strongly reduced. They cause folding in neighboring relaxed fibers. It was found that corrugation and folding are unstable, they almost completely disappears in chilled meat. This is one of the morphological features that can be well observed with a magnification of 10 x 40 microscope and can be evaluate the quality of meat by the degree of maturation: fresh or chilled. The obtained data indicate that the general appearance of muscle fibers noticeably changes during freezing - the transverse striation can appear worse, undetected and sometimes it can disappears. All fibers become thinner after freezing. Significant changes occur in the nuclei of cells. In thawed meat, they become smaller and thinner, chromatin is visible as a continuous mass with a pycnotic nature. Chromatin coagulates into a continuous, highly stained mass. The nuclei change their shape and they can be looked like a dark elongated oval shape of a homogeneous mass. The use of histological and microscopic methods for studying comparative changes in fresh, chilled and thawed meat can contribute to the accuracy and improvement of methods for detecting thawed meat that can be used during falsification of chilled meat, as well as it allows to study processing and storage conditions for chilled meat.