Correlation of peristalsis of the small intestine and the ultrasound sign of the gallbladder "Halo" in dogs

Anaphylaxis in dogs is a systemic allergic reaction that leads to serious physiological changes. The "halo sign" is a hypoechoic ring around the gallbladder wall during ultrasound examination. It is believed that it may be associated with swelling of the gallbladder wall or pericholecystitis caused by various factors. In the context of anaphylaxis, the appearance of a "halo" may indicate generalized edema and vascular permeability. Differential diagnosis with other causes of "halo", such as cholecystitis and neoplasms, is necessary. This study is aimed at studying the correlation between changes in peristalsis of the small intestine and the ultrasound sign of a "halo" in the gallbladder. Clinical cases in dogs with signs of anaphylactic reaction, where insect bites were the provoking factor, were studied on the basis of the UNTC "Veterinary Hospital" of the Vavilov University. The following studies and therapies were performed: primary examination, ultrasound of the abdominal cavity (primary and dynamic), general blood test, biochemical blood test, thermometry, infusion therapy, smear on Babesia canis. As a result of the study, it was found that ultrasound changes in the peristalsis of the small intestine and the wall of the gallbladder correlate with changes in the patient's condition during anaphylaxis and its resolution. Studying the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the relationship between these signs will improve the diagnosis and develop new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of anaphylactic shock in dogs, as well as provide veterinarians with an additional tool for assessing the severity of an anaphylactic reaction.

1. Daniela L. Shmuel Anaphylaxis in Dogs and Cats /Daniela L. Shmuel, Yonaira Cortez// VetEmergCritCare (San Antonio). 2013.-No. 7-8. 23(4): 377-94

2. Korneeva, N.A. Immediate-type hypersensitivity: features of pathogenesis and manifestation in animals/ Korneeva N.A. // Scientific Journal of Young Scientists. No. 3(28).- 2022 P. 31-35

3. Khaitov, R.M. Allergology and immunology /R.M. Khaitov, N.I. Ilyina// Asmok. brief. ed. M.: GEOTAR -Media. 2017. 640 p.

4. Kovalchuk, L.V. Clinical immunology and allergology with the basics of general immunology / Kovalchuk L.V., Ganovskaya L.V., Melikhova R.Ya. //M.: GEOTARMEDIA. -2018. P. 351.

5. Aubrey, L. Lisciandro. Anaphylaxisrelated hemoperitoneum in 11 dogs / Aubrey L. Hnatusko. John C. Gicking, Gregory R // Vet Emerg Crit Care, 31(1):80–85, Jan 2021.

6. Lisciandro, G.R. Abdominal FAST (AFAST)-detected Hemorrhagic Effusion in 11 Dogs with Acute Collapse and Gallbladder Wall Edema (Halo Sign) with Presumed Anaphylaxis / Lisciandro G.R. //Abstract J Vet Emerg Crit Care, 2016.

7. Kate Turner. Allergy, inflammation, hepatopathy and coagulation biomarkers in dogs with suspected anaphylaxis due to insect envenomation /Kate Turner, Corrin Boyd, Gabriele Rossi, Claire R Sharp, Melissa A Claus, Abbie Francis, Lisa Smart // Front Vet Sci: Volume 9. 2022.

8. Samantha Minh Thy Nguyen. Mechanisms Governing Anaphylaxis: Inflammatory Cells, Mediators, Endothelial Gap Junctions and Beyond /Samantha Minh Thy Nguyen, Chase Preston Rupprecht, Aaisha Haque, Debendra Pattanaik, Joseph Yusin, Guha Krishnaswamy // Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(15).