Chicken genome editing: modern technologies, achievements, and prospects for application in agriculture and biomedicine

Animal genome editing, particularly in chickens, is a rapidly developing field of biotechnology with significant implications for agriculture, fundamental science, and medical research. The domestic chicken is a model animal in immunology, embryology, and infectious diseases. The advent of modern gene editing technologies, including the CRISPR/Cas9 system, TALENs, and homologous recombination, has opened new possibilities for precise modification of the chicken genome. Chicken genome editing technologies are demonstrating rapid progress between 2019 and 2025, spanning both breeding and conservation applications, opening new prospects in several areas simultaneously. From a practical perspective, breeders have gained the opportunity to create poultry with increased resistance to common infections. Equally important is the application of genome editing methods to address conservation issues. Cryopreservation of primordial germ cells from rare and endangered chicken breeds allows for the preservation of a full set of genetic information—including mitochondrial DNA and the W chromosome, unique to females—that is inaccessible when freezing sperm alone. Hungarian colleagues have created a functioning cryobank of six national breeds with engraftment rates of up to 100%. These technologies have successfully restored several endangered chicken breeds in China and Japan. This combination of applied and conservation aspects makes avian genome editing technologies a promising area of modern biotechnology. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the current state of avian genome editing technologies, examining the main approaches to genetic modification, including work with primordial germ cells, the use of viral vectors, and direct embryo editing. Particular attention is given to advances in the creation of pathogenresistant chicken lines, the development of gene knockout models for studying their functions, and the development of biotechnological systems to produce therapeutic proteins. The prospects for using genetically modified chickens in biomedical research and the production of biopharmaceuticals are analysed.

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