In the period from 2017 to 2020 in the cattle farms of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic the frequency of detection of Streptococci in samples of pathological material from patients ( dead and forcedly killed calves and cattles) had been studied. In general, 757 samples from cattles were examined, including 137 samples from animals with signs of respiratory infections, 73 - lungs of animals that were killed or forced to die with pneumonia, 44 - from newborn calves ,who died with signs of umbilical sepsis, 43 samples of uterine outflows, 75 - vaginal swabs in cows with signs of vaginitis, 25 -urethral swabs, 24 - preputial swabs in bulls, 125 - from wounds, 39 - conjunctival swabs from cows with signs of conjunctivitis, 22 samples of animal synovial fluid with signs of arthritis, 16 - urine, as well as 134 samples of milk samples. Most often, streptococci are found in swabs from mucous membranes, that are open to the external environment: nasal swabs-72.2%, vaginal swabs -62.7%, preputial swabs -50.0%, as well as in samples of skimmed milk -83.5%. In acute respiratory infections of calves, it was possible to isolate streptococci from samples: lymph nodes in 55%, lung tissue-40%, blood -33, 3% of the studied samples. In samples of pathological material from calves, that died with signs of umbilical sepsis, streptococci were found in 72% of the studied blood samples, as well as in 75% of lymph nodes and spleens. Streptococci were isolated from pus wounds in 56.8% of the samples. Streptococci are present in almost all niches of the body, open to the external environment. Cases of detection of streptococci in places untypical to microbiomes, coincide with the severe clinical condition of both calves and adult cattles.

An assessment of the epizootic situation for goat arthritis-encephalitis in the Novosibirsk Region (NSO) was carried out, and the transmission of the virus from infected animals to healthy animals was studied. To conduct the study, 198 goat blood serum samples were taken from 20 personal subsidiary farms and 3 peasant farms located in the NSO. The study was conducted using a kit for the detection of antibodies against goat arthritis-encephalitis (AEC) MVV / CAEV in goat serum (IDScreen® MVV / CAEV Indirect Screeningtest) by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. As a result of the studies, antibodies to the AEC virus were detected in 86 samples, which is 43.4% of the total number of samples studied. In 110 samples (55.6%), antibodies were not detected, doubtfully reacting - 2 samples (1%). Moreover, the highest incidence rate was recorded in the farms of the region adjacent to Novosibirsk - 66.7%, the smallest - in the area №1 (15%). When studying transmission methods, it was confirmed that the virus is mainly transmitted vertically - from the mother to newborn kids through blood and milk, and horizontal - through the contact of animals in close quarters. The introduction of the pathogen is carried out by introducing into the AEC safe herd of infected animals acquired in dysfunctional farms.

The article presents the results of studies on the spread of chlamydia in a cat population using the example of the city of Moscow. The main goal of the work was to study the spread of chlamydia, its course in cats using the example of the city of Moscow. Statistics were collected on the basis of outpatient journals and case histories of cats of different breeds and ages for 2019. Diagnosis of chlamydia for diagnosis was performed by PCR. Smears were taken from the conjunctiva of the upper and lower eyelids of both eyes, or from the upper vaginal fornix or prepuce and urethra, from the nasal mucosa, depending on the indications. The subject of the study was the incidence of chlamydia, age of cats, gender, clinical manifestations of the disease. It was established that in 2019, a total of 3388 chlamydia samples were studied, of which 243 were tested positive. The overall infection rate of the population was 7.2%. In female cats, the percentage of detection of chlamydial antigen is higher than in males - 56% and 44%, respectively. The largest number of infected animals is between 1 and 2 years of age, 28.3%, followed by the degree of susceptibility in cats aged 7 to 10 years - 19.5% of cases of chlamydia infection. The main forms of manifestation of chlamydia were manifestations of purulent and serous conjunctivitis 69.8% and 20.5%, respectively, keratitis - 8.7%. The most common clinical picture of chlamydia is accompanied by purulent and serous outflows from the eyes, conjunctival hyperemia and conjunctival edema, and darkening of the cornea.

The purpose of the work is to study the antimicrobial activity of fumigation aerosols of the Fumiyod preparation using bactericidal blocks against isolates of opportunistic microflora from calves and piglets with signs of infectious respiratory diseases. The work was carried out on livestock and pig farms of Volosovsky district of the Leningrad region. Samples of biomaterial (nasal swabs and nasopharyngeal swabs) were taken from diseased animals to determine the sensitivity of the microflora to the studied iodine -containing Fumiyod preparation (experiment) and 1% glutaraldehyde solution (control). The biomaterial was plated on elective nutrient media (milk-yolk-salt agar, blood agar, Endo medium, yolk-salt agar). Cultures of microorganisms (Klebsiella pneumonia, Str.pneumoniae, St. aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli), yeast were isolated from washouts from the nasal cavity and nasopharyngial washings from calves and piglets with symptoms of bronchopneumonia, pneumonia, bronchitis, rhinitis albicans) and fungi (Mucor sp., Aspergillus fumigatus). Using paper discs, it was found that the Fumiyod preparation in the form of fumigation aerosols, used in the form of bactericidal checkers, has a high bactericidal activity in vitro (microbial growth inhibition zone of more than 15 mm) in relation to all microflora isolates from calves and pigs with signs of respiratory diseases, which manifested by a wide range of antimicrobial and antimycotic effects. The final concentration of the Fumiyod preparation was revealed for the active active substance - 0.20 g / m3, in which a wider spectrum of its antimicrobial (growth suppression zone within 26-32 mm) and antimycotic (growth suppression zone within 27-31 mm ) actions compared with 1% glutaraldehyde (control), respectively, in the range of 20-25 mm and 21-24 mm

The study of the spread of horse infections was carried out in horse farms of the Lomonosov district of the Leningrad region. The animals in the “Kovcheg” breeding stud farm (SF) and the “Efa” equestrian club (EK) were examined visually and by means of coprology from June 2018 to September 2019. Helminthiasis caused by parasitization of Parascarisequorum, Strongyloideswesteri, representatives of the Trichonemagenus, as well as gastric gadflies of the species Gastrophilus intestinalis, were diagnosed in horses both in the form of mono infections and in an associative form. Among the mono infections of horses at the “Kovcheg” SF, parascariosis (P. equorum) is dominating, which is present in 56.2% of the infected animals, and at the “Efa” EK - 50% is for strongyloidosis (S. westeri) and gastrophilosis (G. intestinalis) - 72.7%. It was discovered that mixed infections are formed by associations of nematodes and gastric gadfly in various combinations: P. equorum + Trichonema sp. + S. westeri + G. intestinalis; P. equorum + Trichonema sp. + G.intestinalis. The most common mixed infection was defined as the association of strongylides of the digestive organs (Trichonema sp.) and horse gastrophiluses (G. intestinalis), which corresponds to 35.4% in the “Kovcheg” SF and 45.5% in the “Efa” EK from the number of infected horses. The intensity of infection varied throughout the year. The maximum number of parascaris's eggs per 1 g of feces was found in September (143.2 ± 2.9), the strongylides of the digestive organs and Strongyloides in June were 154.3 ± 5.3 and 116.8 ± 2.37, respectively. Gastrophilus s eggs laid on the coat of horses by a gadfly female were found only in the first decade of September, which may be due to regional characteristics of the pathogen life cycle.

To study the spread of helminth infections and diagnosis of the helminth fauna in private horse breeding farms of the Leningrad Region, feces were survey studied from foals for a year, animals aged 1 year to 3 years, 3 years to 6 years old, 6 to 10 years old and over 10 years old. Gastrointestinal nematodoses were diagnosed using Darling's method with advanced flotation fluid, culturing larvae by the method of Petrov& Gagarin, and using microscopy of contents from perianal area. The dominance of gastrointestinal strongylides in horses of all age groups has been found. Yearlings are infested with trichonemas by 94.1%.Aling with age increasing, the intensity of invasion (II) is slightly reduced. In horses older than 10 years, the prevalence rate of trichonemic infection is 63.9%. Strongyloidosis was detected in 70.5% of foals up to a year old.At the age of one to 3 years, a slight decline in II is observed, but when reaching 3 years and further, with increasing age, II gradually increases. Horse s from 3 to 6 years of age (II = 80.0%) are more infected with parascarises. Yearlings are infested with parascarises by 56.2%, and in horses older than 10 years, II is 30.7%.Horses are less infested with oxyurises compared to other nematodes.The lowest levels of II by oxyurosis (23.5%) were found in yearlings, and most of all animals were invaded at the age of 6 to 10 years (II = 50.0%). It should be noted that helminth fauna is formed by nematodes, which are geohelminths in the terms of their developmental biology. Perhaps there is a correlation between the invasion of horses of all age groups and the characteristics of keeping animals in small private farms.

In different countries of the world, including the Russian Federation, echinococcosis has been found in many species of agricultural and wild animals. In the article are disrcibed survey facts on features of epizootic process, aspects of a natural outbreak of echinococcosis of animals in the different countries, and results of studying of contamination Echinococcus granulosus (larvae) of sheep and cattle in the Republic of Tajikistan. According to the results of studies of cattle and sheep, echinococcosis and its mixed forms with other helminthoses are widespread in the Republic of Tajikistan, in some cases with complications of bacterial and viral infections. Depending on the natural-geographical zone of the Republic of Tajikistan, the causative agent of echinococcosis circulates in the following parts of the epizootic chain: "cattle - dogs", "sheep -dogs", "sheep - dogs - rodents", "sheep -wild carnivorous Canidae families - synanthropic rodents". For a clearer picture of the epizootic situation of echinococcosis in the farms of various regions of the Republic of Tajikistan, a statistical analysis for 2005 -2015 of the results of the post-mortem veterinary sanitary examination of cadavers and organs of sheep and cattle was carried out. The article presents facts on basis of epizootic and epidemic situation of echinococcosis is retrospective monitoring of incidence, diving the data of post slaughter veterinary and sanitary examination of hulks and bodies of animals, carried out at the meat-processing enterprises, and statistics on cases of surgical treatment of a cystic echinococcosis in animals. Analysed detailed information on epizootic and epidemic process of echinococcosis are used when holding complex preventive, veterinary and sanitary and improving mesures in livestock farms, and settlements of the Republic of Tajikistan.

Bestial flies are widely spred at various types of livestock enterprises (dairy farms, fattening farms, pig farms, sheep farms, stud farms, poultry farms) of the Russian Federation; they are mechanical and biological carriers of many pathogens of infectious and invasive diseases, can cause anemia and stress in productive farm animals and young animals. The economic damage from infectious and parasitic diseases, the causative agents of which carry licking and bloodsucking flies, as well as from a decrease in productivity due to stress, is measured in hundreds of millions of rubles a year. In addition, high costs are required for veterinary, anti-epizootic and recreational activities. We conducted a test to study the effectiveness of the Flyblock® food pellet bait (organization-developer of NEC Agrovetzashchita LLC), an insecticidal and attractant measurement during the period of the maximum number of bestial flies on a pig farm.The food bait was tested from the second half of summer until the end of September in three commercial pig farms of the Ryazan Region: 50 x 12 m - experimental, 5 x 12 m - control № 1 (fodder kitchen), 50 x 12 m - control № 2. In the experimental room, the Flyblock® drug granules were distributed by the rate of 5 g per 5 m2 in cardboard containers 12 x 8 cm in size with 4 cm high side walls in places not accessible to animals - window openings. The Flyblock® pellet food bait was placed once with regular monitoring (starting from the first day and for 2.5 months) of its effectiveness against bestial flies with the obligatory removal of dead flies. Studies have showed the high efficiency of Flyblock® food pellets against bestial flies. The effectiveness of the the drug against licking and bloodsucking flies when keeping pigs for fattening in the premises of a commercial pig farm is in almost all cases of research more than 95%.

Nowadays antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered by researchers as a promising object for development of a new generation of antibacterial drugs. AMPs are insect innate immunity molecules that, during evolution, provide effective protection against various infectious agents. The benefits of AMP include their activity against a wide range of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi), fast killing effect, a potentially low probability of resistance, the accompanying spectrum of anti-inflammatory properties. The widespread administration of antibiotics as antimicrobial drugs resulted in the existance of antibiotic-resistant strains. Therefore, the search for new promising antibacterial agents of biological origin can be a prerequisite for the development of highly effective antimicrobial agents that can replace traditional drugs. The aim of the research was to isolate antimicrobial peptides from the biomass of Hermetia illucens larvae and to study their antimicrobial activity. To achieve this, it was necessary to solve the following tasks: isolate AMP from the biomass of larvae, separate protein fractions by high performance liquid chromatography and to study their antimicrobial activity. As a result of the experiment, 7 protein fractions from the biomass of Hermetia illucens larvae were obtained. The antimicrobial activity of the isolated proteins fractions were studied. The antimicrobial activity of two fractions, N 4 and 7, were studied in the first case against Candida albicans str. РКПГY-401 / NCTC-885-653, Staphylococcus aureus str. ATCC 6538 (209-P), Salmonella typhimuriumstr. 1626, in the second case against Bacillus cereus str. ATCC 11778, Candida albicans str. РКПГY-401 / NCTC-885-653, Staphylococcus aureus str. ATCC 6538 (209-P), Salmonella typhimurium str. 1626.

In the North Caucasus regions the annual growth of EI of echinococcosis in street dogs is 0.33 percent. In the southern regions of the Russian Federation rural towns and the urban metropolises chasing dogs are vastly helminthisized by echinococcosis and other cestodes of the family Taeniidae, [4]. In this context, it became necessary to conduct ecology-epizootological monitoring of biological activity of parasitic systems of cestodes of the family Taeniidae, including the causative agent of echinococcosis at the level of species diversity in definitive and intermediate hosts, which confirms the relevance. Were done the complete helminthological autopsy of a thin and thick intestine (by the method of K. I. Skryabin (1928)) of the cadaver material of street dogs - 20 puppies of 3-6 months of age, 20 individuals of 1-2 years old, 20 adults ( elder than a year) in different seasons of the year. By the method of autopsy of the small intestine were determined the extensiveness and intensity of invasion of different age groups of dogs and seasons of the year. The research results were treated by statistical methods with the calculation of the average values of the computer program "Biometrics". The study found that in Kabardino-Balkaria, echinococcosis invasion in street dogs is of extremely high values of extensiveness (puppies of 3 -6 months age -85.00%; young 1-2 years -95,00%; adults -75,00%) regarding whole intensity rate; that is for each age groups - 7.6±1.9 thousand copies per individual; 1,3-61,5 (10,75±3,8) thousand copies, 1,2-7,4 (2,64±0,52) thousand specimens / species. respesctidely. From January to October, there is a growing infestation of stray dogs by echinococcosis. The highest EI of Echinococcus granulosus is depicted in October (100%). The seasonal infection rates of stray dogs by echinococcosis in the last 3-4 years looks the following: has increasedin the winter - in 3.3 times, in the spring - 5, summer - 4 times, 5 times in the fall, that characterizes the invasion as a sustainable biological system.

In Russia, the wolves species of cestodes Echinococcus granulosus Rud., 1801; Multiceps multiceps Leske, 1780; Taenia hydatigena Pallas, 1766 are found enzootically in areas of active animal husbandry. The intensity of invasion (EI) is, respectively -68.3; 42.8 and 31.5% [3]. Echinococcus in wolves in the North Caucasus is found with an intensity of 73.2% [5]. This article is devoted to the study of the fauna of bio - and geohelminths of the classes Cestoda and Nematoda in the wolf (Canis lupus) of the Kabardino-Balkaria regione. It has been established that in the territory of the republic, invasion of wolves with cestodes Echinococcus granulosus Rud., 1801; Dipylidium caninum Leske, 1758; Multiceps multiceps Leske, 1780; Taenia ovis Cobbold, 1869; Taenia hydatigena Pallas, 1766; Taenia pisiformes Bloch, 1780, manifests with an invasion intensity of 80.0, respectively; 40.0; 55.0; 45.0; 35.0; 20.0% with an invasion intensity of 683.2-46.8; 34.5-7.0; 3.3-0.6; 5.7-0.8; 2.4 -0.5; 6.8-0.9 spie. /individual. The species of cestodes Echinococcus granulosus and Dipylidium caninum in a wolf have epidemiological significance and are found with EI of 80.0 and 40.0%. In all climatic zones of the region, the predominantly common species of helminths of the class Nematoda, among wolves of different ages, are the species Toxocara canis Werner, 1782; Stilles, 1905 (EI - 78.6%); Ancylostoma caninum Linstow, 1889 (EI -71.4%); Uncinaria stenocephala Raileiet, 1885 (EI - 71.4%); Toxascaris leoninae Leiper, 1907 (EI - 64.3%). The species of nematodes Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum in the wolf have epidemiological significance and are found with EI - 78.6 and 71.4%. On the border, at the mountainous areas of the republic, indicators of the extent of wolves invasion by Echinococcus granulosus; Dipylidium caninum; Multiceps multiceps; Taenia ovis; Taenia hydatigena; Taenia pisiformes; Toxocara canis Werner, 1782; Stilles, 1905; Toxascaris leoninae Leiper, 1907; Toxocara mystax Seder, 1800; Ancylostoma caninum Linstow, 1889; Uncinaria stenocephala is relatively higher, which is due to the close trophic contact of wolves with the corpses of farm and wild animals in summer pastures.

The species diversity of eimeria of farm birds in Siberia remains poorly understood, so the aim of our research was to study the etiology of cases of mass rectal prolapse in broiler chickens at the age of 14 days. Fragments of the duodenum, small, ileum, rectum, and blind processes of broiler chickens were fixed in 10% formalin solution with phosphate-buffered saline. Histological examination was carried out in the molecular biology sector of the Siberian Scientific Center for Scientific Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoobsk, Novosibirsk Region. The preparation of the material was carried out according to standard methods. The preparations were stained with Mayer hematoxylin and eosin. Histological specimens were examined under an Imager D1 microscope (Zeiss) at magnifications of 100x, 1000x. During pathological autopsy of corpses of chickens aged 13-15 days, signs of intravital rupture of the rectum from the cloaca or complete absence of the intestine without visible external injuries were found. This pathology has not been previously encountered, which suggests the emergence of a new factor or etiological agent. Histological examination in the rectum and cesspool of broiler chickens aged 13, 29, and 36 days showed signs of eimeriosis caused by E. brunetti. Due to the extensive population of eimeria, the wall of the rectum in the bird became flabby, protruded outward through the opening of the cloaca, which led to subsequent prolapse and provoked cannibalism among birds. Thus, the syndrome of rectal prolapse is caused by the appearance in the Krasnoyarsk Territory of a new picture of clinical and pathological changes in eimeriosis of birds caused by E. brunetti.

In order to prevent mammary gland' disease, the specialists of InterChemmet LLC, together with scientists from the St. Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine, have developed a hygiene product. "Compomol DS +" is used to treat the skin of the nipples of the udder before milking. It thoroughly and quickly cleanses the skin from various contaminants and helps to activate milk flow. Since the gate for the penetration of staphylococci and streptococci into the udder is an open nipple canal, foam treatment of each nipple was carried out. The nipple was dipped into a foaming glass with a 40% solution of Compomol DS +. After that, the nipple was wiped with a soft napkin. Another product called Compomol DS Green Eco developed by InterChemmet LLC is applied to the udder nipples immediately after milking. The drug helps to normalize blood circulation after milking, has a wound healing property. The drug forms a membrane. This limits the access of microflora to the udder through the nipple, since the sphincter of the nipple canal remains open for 30 minutes after milking. When using «Compomol DS Green Eco» for 180 days, no negative effects on the skin of the nipples were observed. After hygienic treatment of the nipples, the animals behaved calmly while putting on cups on the nipples and during milking, which contributed to the complete extraction of milk from the mammary gland. The amount of residual milk after milking was not more than 40-60 ml of milk. An analysis of the results of the research indicates that the above hygiene products reduce the incidence of cows with mastitis by 33.4% and do not cause harmful effects to both animals and the staff. Using of hygiene products on the farm in 96 cows within 180 days of the experiment allowed to reduce economic damage by 39900 rubles. Measures aimed at prevention of cow’s mastitis incidence.

Postpartum endometritis is one of the main reasons for reducing pregnancy, increasing the interval before pregnancy, increasing culling, reducing the reproduction of the breeding herd, milk production, thereby causing great economic damage to agricultural enterprises. Therefore, the main task of therapeutic science is to find new approaches in the treatment and prevention of diseases at the beginning of lactation. A method of direct lymphotropic therapy for endometritis in cows, including endonodular administration of drugs, characterized in that drugs are used as drugs Roncoleukin and Ceftonite, which are administered alternately through one needle into the lymph node of the knee fold 1 time per day in half daily doses, with the course of therapy carried out within 5 days. This method of treatment of endometritis will ensure the delivery of drugs directly to the focus of inflammation, improve the microcirculation of the uterus and ovaries, as well as reduce the adverse drug effects on the animal's body by reducing the daily and course dose of drugs. The use of lymphotropic therapy in the treatment of cows with acute postpartum endometritis gives a positive therapeutic effect and increases the percentage of fertilization of animals by 11.1%. Lymphotropic therapy in the treatment of obstetric and gynecological diseases in animals will reduce the cost of therapy, and as a result, the economic losses of dairy enterprises can be restored. Thus, today, for the treatment of cows with endometritis, a huge range of methods is used, many of which, despite the pronounced clinical effect, are not without certain drawbacks. [1] However, the use of lymphotropic administration of both antibiotics and immunomodulators gives a positive therapeutic effect, which is most pronounced in clinical forms of endometritis.

An urgent task in the production activities of dairy farms is sufficient input into the herd of heifers and prevention of reproductive dysfunctions in first-calf cows. However, it is not always possible to perform a full range of measures to maintain the compliance of the environment with the physiological status of the first-calf cows, especially the activity of the reproductive organs, which leads to a long delay in restoring sexual cycles after calving. These materials are devoted to the actual problems of the infertility of cows, which complaints with the necessity of reproduction of the herd and with the increase of the productivity of cows. The aim of the research was to study the stimulating drugs for restoring reproductive function in first-calf cows. Our research demonstrates results of complex application of drugs “Follimag”, “Surfagon” with “Sedimin” for the first research group (n-15); and for the second group (n-9) - “Surfagon” with “Sedimin” and “Trivitamin”, were administered for elimination of dysfunction in the reproductive organs and restoration of sexual cyclicity. Were obtained the following results: In the 1st group, 72.3% of cows had sexual cycles, they came to the hunt, 53, 3% of them turned out to be pregnant, at the second group -the hunt appeared in 56.6%, 11.1% of which turned out to be pregnant. The final data for the first group when using two hormonal drugs “Follimag” and “Surfagon” together with “Sedimine” indicated a significant increase in reproductive function of first-calf cows, thus resulting in production of healthy offspring, and level of infertility were significantly eliminated. This scheme of stimulation of the reproductive function of the reproductive organs can be recommended to farms to eliminate infertility in cows.

Hematological leukocyte indexes reflect the relationship between different classes of cells of the leukocyte formula and can provide information about intoxication and the state of the immune response in sick animals. Moreover, calculated leukocyte indexes can become an alternative to complex and expensive studies to determine the immunogram, cytokine content, and a number of other biochemical parameters. In this paper, we considered the nature of changes in immunological indicators in piglets under technological stress as a result of weaning and regrouping, and we used calculated leukocyte indexes. To organize the research, we selected clinically healthy Landrace piglets (n=5) in one of the pig breeding complexes in the Leningrad region. The studies were conducted one day before weaning of piglets from sows, age 25 days, and two weeks after weaning at the age of 41 days. Blood was collected using a standard method and examined on a hematological analyzer to determine the morphological composition of white blood cells. The calculation of leukocyte indices was performed using formulas that characterize the ratio of the content of various forms of white blood cells, and in some cases, the rate of precipitation of red blood cells. The functional changes observed by the piglets 'immune system as a result of regrouping stress confirm the negative impact of the technological process on the animals' immunity and provide a prerequisite for studying the ways and mechanisms of increasing their protective forces at this stage of the technological cycle. Analysis of integral leukocyte indexes showed an imbalance of specific (adaptive) and non-specific (innate) components of immunity in the dynamics of changes in immunocompetent blood cells against the background of stress.

The article discusses some aspects of the toxic effects of copper acetate on the body of fish. Heavy metals are highly toxic to aquatic organisms due to their ability to accumulate and transform within the biocenosis of the reservoir. The aim of the study was to study the indicators of carbohydrate metabolism in carp after exposure to various concentrations of copper acetate. The study of the features of carbohydrate metabolism, including the intensity and direction of exchange can be useful in assessing the response of fish to toxic effects. During the experiment, 4 groups of fish were formed - 1 control group (10 fish), 3 experimental groups - 10 fish each. Experimental groups of fish were contained in a solution of copper acetate (Cu(CH3COO)2) with concentrations of 0.01 mg/l, 0.1 mg/l, 1 mg/l (exceeding the MPC of copper for fisheries reservoirs by 10, 100 and 1000 times, respectively). Glucose concentration and serum amylase activity were studied. Glucose is necessary for supplying energy to various processes occurring inside the body,including reactions to toxic substances. Amylase, however, is an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the breakdown of complex carbohydrates. We found such changes in carbohydrate metabolism in carp as a significant increase in serum amylase activity by 6.63%, 7.9% and 19.57% when exposed to 10, 100 and 1000 MPC of copper, respectively, as well as a significant increase in glucose concentration by 8.54%, 20.28% and 29.7% when exposed to 10, 100 and 1000 MPC of copper, respectively, compared to the control group.

Movement is a characteristic and inherented property of the animal organism. Without the implementation of musculoskeletal work, it becomes impossible for the animal to move in the environment, search for food, protect themselve and procreate. This work in the body is performed by the musculoskeletal system, which accounts for most of the body weight. The basis for the research at the Department of animal anatomy of Saint Petersburg state university of veterinary medicine was post-mortem material from animals slaughtered at the farm "Gzhelskoe Podvorye", Moscow region. Three age groups were formed. The first group included newborn animals. The second group included young animals of five to six months. The third group consisted of sheep from one year and older. During the study, a set of anatomical methods was used, including: fine anatomical dissection, maceration, computer tomography and macrophotography. Based on our research, we first established anatomical and topographical features of the pelvic area of dorper sheep. These features have a common anatomical pattern, which is characteristic for ruminants. However, dorper sheep are characterized by typical topographical breed features of that area, determined by their genetic predisposition. The main morphometric parameters of the pelvic bones of dorper sheep reach their maximum values by the age of one year and older, while the most intensive growth of the pelvic area is typical for the age period from five to seven months to a year.

Sheep farming is one of the leading agricultural industries in the Russian Federation. A modern veterinarian needs to know the functional principles of all organs and systems of the animal body to understand the etiology and build cause-and-effect relationships of the occurrence of certain noninfectious diseases. Most of these diseases occur in the digestive tract (stomach, intestines). The purpose of this study is to study in detail the age-related patterns of blood supply of the stomachs of edilbaev sheep. The basis for the research at the Department of animal anatomy of the Saint Petersburg state university of veterinary medicine was post mortem material from animals slaughtered at a farm in the Leningrad region. Three age groups were formed. The first group included newborn animals. The second group included young animals of five to six months. The third group consisted of sheep from one year and older. The age of the animals was determined according to the data obtained from monitor cards. During the study, a set of anatomical methods was used, including: fine anatomical dissection, vaso-rentgenography, and photographing. Based on our research, we first established the architectonics of the arterial system of the stomachs of edilbaev sheep in the age aspect. These features have common anatomical patterns of the course and branching of blood vessels, typical to ruminants. However, the edilbaev sheep breed is characterized by breed features of skeletal and vascular syntopia, determined by their genetic predisposition. The main arterial line of the multicameral stomach of edilbaev sheep is the ventral artery, which in the course of its topography is divided into additional incoming vessels for all the pre-ventricules and the true stomach. The main morphometric parameters of vascular diameter reach their maximum values by the age of one year and older, while the most intensive increase in the caliber of arterial vessels of the multicameral stomach is typical for the age period from the newborn period to five to seven months.

The aim of our research is to study the morphological structure of the kidneys of broadbreasted turkey and Peking duck at 160-180 days of age. As a result of our studies, we found that the urinary system in the studied bird species is divided into urinary organs (kidneys) and urinary tract (ureters), which consists of three phases: urination, urination and urination. The kidneys are paired, long parenchymal organs, dark brown in color, are located inside the pelvic bone on its both sides in the median plane, mirroring each other. The kidneys lie retroperitoneally. In turkey, the broad-chested kidneys consist of four lobes - cranial, middle, caudal and additional, differing in width, height, structure, mass and structure, while in the Peking duck there are three lobes: cranial, medium, caudal. Outside, each kidney is surrounded by a thin, fibrous connective tissue capsule that does not form stroma. The parenchyma of the kidneys is well developed and it clearly shows the presence of small lobules of a pyramidal shape with bases directed to the lateral surface of the kidneys, and the apex deep into the organ. They are separated from each other by loose connective tissue. During histological examination, we note that each kidney outside is covered with a thin fibrous capsule and consists of many pyramidal lobes, which in turn consist of the cortical and brain zones, with the cortical zone occupying 80% and the cerebral zone 20%. The cortical zone is dome-shaped distributed around the medulla, completely or partially covering the brain pyramids.

The article discusses the results of the dynamics of indicators of innate immunity of cattle throughout pregnancy. The research topic is relevant, since receiving healthy offspring is certainly associated with the natural resistance of the cow. The aim of the study is to study the non-specific immunity of cows in different months of pregnancy. The work was performed on the farm of JSC Krasnoselskoye PZ (Leningrad Oblast). During the experiment, 2 groups of cows of Holstein black-and-white breeds were formed: the experimental group - 10 pregnant cows and the control group-10 not steel cows. Blood was taken once a month throughout pregnancy. Indicators of phagocytosis, bactericidal and lysozyme activities were determined in the blood. During the study, the authors noted a decrease in lysozyme, bactericidal activity relative to the indicators of the control group, however, the difference did not reach significant differences. Also observed a significant inhibition of the functional state of the number of blood neutrophils: a decrease in phagocytic activity reliably observed from 5 months by 27.o2%, from 7 month by 41.9% to 9 month, the index decreased by 50,66% as compared to control; at the phagocytic number of reliable decrease was observed at 4 months 11.3% at 6 months had decreased by 24.86%, and the 9 month pregnancy reduction made up 28.81%, the phagocytic index, starting with the 5th month of pregnancy was significantly decreased by 32.05%, to 8 month decreased by 48.31% and for 9 months had decreased by 50% compared to control. Therefore, in the period of pregnancy in the organism of cows, the development of secondary immunodeficiency is noted, which is directly associated with fetal gestation. The data obtained can be useful in correction factors of natural resistance during pregnancy of cows.

Pathomorphological research of dogs intestine allowed us to describe in more detail all encountered cases of pathological manifestation and effect of broad tapeworm on different tissue structures and their fragments. Enteropathies are polymorphous and are introduced with different etiological factors. Intestine helminthiases have heavy share of ethiofactors. Microscopic signs of intestinal lesion of dogs during diphyllobothriasis were characterized with obvious changes in mucosa and submucosa and their damage pathological changes in a smooth muscle layer were rarely noted. Serous coat and all its structural fragments complied with the norm and didn't have pathological. Extensive zones of damage from mehanical injury were not noted,there were areas of gut wall changes with damage and intestinal villi destruction and epithelial membrane destruction possibly caused by morphological and physiological structural features of the parasite. Characteristic pathological signs were symptomatic desquamation of tessellated epithelium. Extensive damage of serous coat tracedin all the microslides prepared for histologic study. All these changes can be a possible reason of development of reduction of nutrient intake. Such kind of research as pathological process encourages more detailed identifying of clinical status during diphyllobothriasis and its not characteristic or specific manifestations and will be the additional criteria of high-impact therapeutics or its evidence.

The immune response in animals and humans is a biological defense mechanism against negative environmental factors. The immune system is a complex of organs and cells of the body, that reacts (protects) against foreign objects-protozoas and helminths. The aim of the study was to investigate the dynamics of cellular factors of the immune system of healthy minks, experimentally invaded with eimeriidosis against the background of specific immunocorrective therapy. To study the dynamics of T-lymphocytes in the blood of animals, being at the specific immunocorrective therapy, a single-center prospective blind randomized comparative study was conducted in parallel groups. At the initial stage of the study, 56 male minks were isolated from the general population. The first group of clinically healthy animals was the control group. From the second to the sixth groups, animals were spontaneously infected with eimerias and isospores. Animals from the third and fifth groups were treated with coccidiostatic "Stop-coccid". Mink of the 4th and 6th groups received the drug "Ametherm 5%". Minks in the 5th and 6th groups after treatment with coccidiostatic were adninistered an immunomodulatory drug of plant origin "Phytodoc-immunostim". The 7th group served as an additional control and received a placebo-water with starch. Thus, the analysis of the results of the clinical study showed that the use of specific and immunocorrective therapy has a positive effect on the dynamics of T-lymphocyte levels in the blood of animals with eimeriidosis. In group 3, where infected minks were treated with "Stop-coccid", the level of T-lymphocytes increased by 35.8% to 41.1%; in the 4th group (administered "Ametherm 5%") the level of T-lymphocytes rose from 35.2% to 42.3%; in the 5 th group (administered “Stop-coccid” and immunomodulator) the level of T-lymphocytes changed from 36.5% to 43,0% in the 6-th experimental group (treated "Ametherm 5%" and immunomodulator) the level of T-lymphocyte growth from 38.6% to 43.9 per cent.

The purpose of our research was to study the effectiveness of the antibiotic based on doxycycline and tylosin in pigs with mycoplasmosis. For this 3 groups of 50 piglets of the growing group with a pre-established diagnosis mycoplasmosis were formed. The drug Doctil was tested in powder form. One gram of the preparation contains 100 mg of doxycycline hydrochloride and 100 mg of tylosin tartrate as active substances. The studied drug was administered orally according to the technical specifications of the manufacturer at a dose of 1 g per 1 liter of water for drinking which corresponds to 100 mg of the drug (10 mg of doxycycline and 10 mg of tylosin) per 1 kg of animal body weight once a day. For animals of the first group the drug was administered for 3 days, for animals of the second group the drug was administered for 5 days. Animals of the 3rd group served as a control - they were orally administered a third-party drug based on doxycycline according to the instructions at a dose of 10 mg / kg doxycycline once a day for 5 days. Diagnosis of mycoplasmosis was performed before the start of the experiments and also after 10 and 30 days after the end. As a result of research the following conclusion can be made. The use of an antibiotic based on doxycycline and tylosin at a dose of 10 mg / kg for each active substance once a day for 5 days is the most effective way to treat piglets suffering from mycoplasmosis as evidenced by the negative results of the polymerase chain reaction to mycoplasmosis in all piglets of the second experimental groups 30 days after the end of the study.

In the past geological eras in the biosphere, species extinction was accompanied by speciation. Ecosystems adapted to a greater or lesser extent to coexist with a species whose activity had become a planetary factor and had a global impact on biospheric processes. One of it is the massive pollution of the main components of the biosphere - geobiosphere, hydrobooster and air. Its consequence is the development in living organisms of various pathological processes associated with the impact of toxicants-toxicoses. The work was carried out in various regions of the USSR and Russia on reservoirs of various types and different objects of aquaculture. Various species and age groups of fish were studied. They were caught with trawls, nets, lifts, and sport fishing gear. Fish larvae were caught with a plankton net. A pathoanatomic method was used to assess the condition of fish. In some cases, histological methods were used. Clams of the family Unionidae were surveyed in 1990-2011. They were collected by dredging in the reservoirs of the Volga, in the lake Ilmen, in the red sea of the Karelian isthmus of the Leningrad region and in the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic sea. The liver of 399 individuals was examined using histological methods. Also Perlovitz. Unio pictorum, 474 copies of U. tumidus and 298 copies. the mussels Anodonta sp. Branched crustaceans were examined in 1989-2016. They were collected in a plankton grid in the reservoirs of the Volga, in the Nyvchimsky reservoir (the basin of the Volga river). Vychegda Komi Republic, in the Finnish and Kursk bays of the Baltic sea, in lake Ladoga, in the lake of Sevan (Armenia) and in lakes of the Karelian isthmus of Leningrad region, in the mountain lakes of West Sayan (Krasnoyarsk region), the lakes in Darwin reserve (Vologda region) and in the pools of Garbacki lakes Bolshezemelskaya tundra (Vorkuta district, Komi Republic). Fixation in 4% formalin by Rachkov method was examined in Bogorov's cell under the MBS-9 microscope.

The Monizen Forte test for parasitic sheep diseases was tested under production conditions on 460 lambs of the North Caucasian breed, with a live weight of 25-30 kg, with high infection with nematodes, cestodes and larvae of the nasopharyngeal gadfly (Oestrus ovis), which were given orally in a mixture with half the normal rate of concentrated feed, the test drug in a dose of 1 ml per 20 kg of the animal weight. Experienced (20 animals) and control (10 animals) groups of lambs with an average live weight of 28 kg were selected from these lambs according to the principle of analogues. To the lambs of the control group, the drug was not given. 10 days after administration of the drug by clinical and coprological studies, it was found that the lambs of the experimental group, the intensity of nematode invasion decreased and the drug’s intensity (IE) was 96.7%, and the extensivity (EE) was 95%. The lambs of the experimental group before the introduction of the drug were 40% invaded with moniesia and 50% dictiocauli, and after using Monizen Forte they were released - the extensibility (EE) was 100%. Lambs of the control (untreated) group, the intensity and extent of infection with nematodes and cestodes remained at the same level as at the beginning of the experiment. All 10 lambs (50%) of the experimental group, the clinical signs of estrosis (sneezing, snorting, serousmucous discharge from the nose) disap peared, and the lambs of the control group have these clinical signs persisted.

The results of research in this article indicate the possibility of using biostimulators to increase the quantitative indicators of incubation. The experiments were carried out in the conditions of the largest poultry enterprise of the Tula region LLC "Volovsky broiler" on hatching eggs of the chickens of the cross "Ross 308". All studies were conducted according to generally accepted methods. The use of biostimulants composition in different concentrations for processing incubation eggs did not have a negative impact on the indicators of biocontrol of incubation. However, the use of biostimulants in optimal concentrations allowed us to obtain higher hatchability, even though production results, which were above standards for a given cross. So, the conclusion of the best chickens in the experimental group surpassed the control by 2.47%, while the hatchability of the eggs of 2.23%. At the same time, the predicted quality of the chickens of the best experimental group was also higher, since the temperature status of the experimental chickens significantly exceeded the control. Thus, the rectal temperature in the best experimental group of chickens increased by 0.8°C (p<0.05), and under the wing - by 1.3°C (p<0.01) compared to the control. Thus, the optimal concentrations of biostimulants composition were determined, which can be successfully used for processing hatching eggs of highly productive meat cross.

The aim of our work is to study the dynamics in the proteinogram of serum of horses during deworming with a drug from the group macrocyclic lactones with the use of the domestic probiotic "Bioxymin horse". The experiment was carried out on horses of the Russian trotter breed of different age groups. For deworming, the Univerm drug was used. The probiotic "Bioxymin horse" was asked 3 days before deworming and within a month after it inside with food. Protein fractions in blood serum were determined by the nephelometric method, according to GOST-4198-75. In accordance with the instructions, vaccination of horses should be carried out 1014 days after deworming. According to the results of our research, these days there is a maximum decrease in the number of immunoglobulins, which may indicate inhibition of immunobiol ogical reactivity. Possible disruption of the immune system of the body, problems in the development of specific immunity. A low titer of antibodies will not provide reliable protection of the horse's organism from infectious pathogens.

Continuouse use of enrofloxacin contributes to emergence of enrofloxacin-resistant microbial resistance, isolated and reported lately. In this study we deal with the spread of resistance of enrofloxacin among pathogenic organisms, infecting animals. The susceptibility to enrofloxacin was studied in standard disc diffusion assay. We studied 437 bacterial isolates in total. Salmonella dublin and Salmonella typhimurium showed the highest susceptibility to enrofloxacin (100%); Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella choleraesuis proved a bit less susceptibility (95% and 94,7%). 5% of S. enteritidis isolates and 5.3% of S. choleraesuis isolates had intermediate susceptibility. We did not register any resistance of isolates of Salmonella, Pasteurella and Morganella (Pasteurella multocida, Morganella morganii). 83.9% of Escherichiacoli strains proved susceptibility to enrofloxacin, the zone of retardation in 6.4% of the isolates was in correspondence with intermediate susceptibility, 9.7% of the isolates proved to be resistant. 90,9% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in our study was susceptible to enrofloxacin, 9.1% of them had intermediate susceptibility. The isolates of Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus pseudntermedius revealed high susceptibility to enrofloxacin, also as Listeria monocytogenes (causative agent of listeriosis)and Eysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (causative agent of swine erysipelas) 87.5% of the coagulase negative staphylococci proved susceptible to enrofloxacin; 625% of the isolates were resistant or had intermediate susceptibility. The shares of susceptible isolates of Staphylococcus hyicus, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis were respectively 65.1% 75% 75%. The shares of isolates with intermediate susceptibility of the same spp. were respectively 9.3% 15% 25%. The shares of resistant isolates of Staphylococci were respectively 25.6% and 10%. We found no strains of Str. uberis with resistance to enrofloxacin. As for Enterococci, 52.4% of the isolates were enrofloxacin-susceptible, 11,9% and 37,7% of them were respectively enrofloxacin-resistant or had intermediate susceptibility. Presently most Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria have no resistance to enrofloxacin. Notwithstanding that enrofloxacin is significantly less effective against such pathogenic organisms as Staphylococci and Streptococci.

Studies of clinical courses of salmonellosis in chickens and development of new treatment modes are of great practical importance. We evaluated therapeutic effectiveness of norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin in treatment of experimentally infected with Salmonella enteritidis chickens. We conducted a series of three experiments on Highsex brown chickens, in the course of which they received 200 mg fluoroquinolone per litre of drinking water for 5 consecutive days. In Experiment 1 the fluoroquinolones were first administered simultaneously with the infection with Salmonella. In Experiment 2 the drugs were first administered one day before the challenge with Salmonella. In Experiment 3 the chickens were challenged with Salmonella two days after the drugs were first administered. The chickens were experimentally infected via intraperitoneal injection of 24-hour old culture of Salmonella at a dose of 150 million microbial bodies in 0.5 ml of isotonic solution (0.5 McFarland standard). Observation period lasted 15 days. We concluded that in the case of simultaneous challenge with Salmonella and initial fluoroquinolone co-administration with water, none of the drugs used, showed high therapeutic effectiveness, as mortality rate in the treatment groups reached 50 to 88% (while all the chickens in the control group died - 100% mortality). In the case of fluoroquinolone initial coadministration with water one day before the challenge with Salmonella enrofloxacin and ofloxacin proved the most effective drugs as they enabled survivability of 94 to 98% of the population. Whereas survivability of the chickens given norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin was respectively 28% and 64%. In the case of enrofloxacin and ofloxacin initial co-administration with water two days before the challenge with Salmonellawe registered best results: survivability of the chickens was respectively 100% and 98%. In the case of norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin initial co-administration with water in the same conditions survivability of the chickens was respectively 74% and 68%.

The territory of Kazakhstan is unfavorable for anthrax, officially registered since 1935, at present, the risk of outbreaks remains. One of the reasons is the presence of territories infected with the anthrax pathogen, soil foci of anthrax. Currently, the list of disinfectants is limited. Current developments are being carried out in order to create new compositions that have sporocidal properties for treating soil that is seeded with anthrax spores. We have developed and tested a new veterinary disinfectant "BA-12". Sporocidal properties of BA-12 were studied in laboratory and field conditions. The study was carried out using two methods: 1) using Batiste test objects seeded with spore -forming microorganisms-Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis № 55, B. anthracis Tsenkovsky № 71/12 and immersing them in a disinfectant solution and in the soil. Different types of soil were used in the experiments. In the field, disinfect the soil of anthrax animal burial grounds in different regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study of sporocidal activity of the drug "BA-12" in laboratory conditions on Batiste tests showed that the effectiveness of this solution is noted in 5%, 7%, 10%, 15% and 20% concentration and exposure of 60 minutes, and, more. The results of field studies show that when using 10% and 20% solutions of the BA-12 disinfectant on the territory of anthrax soil foci, they have a high sporocidal activity, completely inhibit the growth of spore- forming microorganisms.

The composition of the drug "Hepaton" includes many bioactive compounds that provide the antioxidant properties of the drug, manifested by the neutralization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with the breakaway chain free radical reactions. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the Hepaton preparation on lipid peroxidation reactions in laboratory rats. Evaluation of the antioxidant effect of the drug was carried out on twenty laboratory rats of both sexes with a body weight of 180-220 g, divided into 2 groups. Acute toxic hepatitis in rats was induced by a single intragastric administration of 1.0 ml of a dichloroethane solution. At the same time, rats of the experimental group (n = 10) 1 hour before the introduction of dichloroethane were injected with a solution of the drug “Hepaton” in the amount of 10 ml / kg body weight and then 1 time per day for 21 days after the use of toxicants [1]. On the 21st day after the administration of toxicants, a blood was drawn for a biochemical study, which took into account the parameters of the antioxidant system (diene conjugates (DC), ketodienes (CD) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as the level of endogenous intoxication (according to the content of MSM). Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the use of “Hepaton” in modeling acute toxic hepatitis made it possible to restore the disturbed homeostasis of the laboratory animal organism, the structure and integrity of the hepatocyte membranes, inhibit lipid peroxidation as one of the links in the pathogenesis of hepatitis, stimulate antioxidant defense and power the endogenous antioxidant system of the body, bile formation and biliary excretion, as well as activate the reparative processes of the liver tissue at the cellular and intracellular levels.

Today we can observe leak of hepatoprotective agents, which increase the resistance of the liver to the damage by chemical agents and stabilize their metabolism in cases of tension detoxifying function, together with a high need in them. The goal of this article was to find out the harmlessness of the hepatoprotector “Hepaton” in laboratory conditions. For the experiment, were organized 8 groups, either for experiment and for control, of rodents (rats), which include 10 animals each (both genders). Biochemical and hematological analyzes were ran out before the injection of the drug, 90 and 180 days after start of the experiment. Blood was obtained by puncture of the tail vein or (at the end of the study) after simultaneous guillotination. It should be mentioned that on the 90th and 180th day of the experiment, there was a mild, but statistically significant increase in the amount of hemoglobin, the absolute number of erythrocytes, a partial absolute and relative increase in count of white blood cells and platelets of peripheral blood. Blood clotting tests parameters for the whole observation period in experimental animals didn’t significantly differ from those at the start and in the control groups.

The use of sorbents at present is a promising method for improving fish growing conditions. One of the types of sorbents is vermiculite, a natural mineral that has highly effective sorbing properties. It has been established that it is active against heavy metal ions, organic compounds such as phenol, dioxin, oil products, carcinogens, toxic chemicals, nitrites and nitrates, chlorine and fluorine compounds. The aim of the study is to study the effect of sorbent-vermiculite on the amount of nitrites and nitrates in water. When setting the goal, the following tasks were developed: to study the hydrochemical parameters and evaluate the effect of vermiculite on the vital activity / vitality of laboratory fish. The object of the study was a laboratory guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata). The fish was kept in aquariums with a volume of 10 liters. at room temperature with a natural change in day and night. They fed the fish with food "Waka TropiFlek for all types of fish." Vermiculite with a particle size of 1-5 mm was used as a sorbing substance. The study consisted of a control and one experimental group, 6 fish were in each aquarium. Vermiculite was added to the experimental group, prepackaged / wrapped in gauze and subsequently dipped in water. The duration of the experiment was 30 days. Studies have shown that the sorbent reduces the amount of nitrates and nitrites, reduces the rate of their accumulation in water and supports the vital activity of fish at critical values of the above hydrochemical parameters. According to the document “Strategy for the Development of Aquaculture in the Russian Federation for the Period Until 2020” (approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation on September 10, 2007), in the Russian Federation it is necessary to determine the way to achieve a qualitative new state of aquaculture. Vermiculite may be an actual tool for use in the cultivation / reproduction of aquatic organisms.

The method of next generation sequencing (NGS) allows deeply analyze the composition of the microorganisms of the rumen of ruminants. Sampling of the contents of the rumen was carried out in the winter-spring period during the slaughter of reindeer in the territory of the Murmansk region - in the agricultural complex “Tundra” of the Lovozero district. 12 samples of rumen content were taken. Samples of rumen contents intended for molecular genetic studies were frozen immediately after selection at -20 ° C and then placed for long-term storage in a freezer. Total DNA was extracted from the samples using the Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Fermentas Inc., Lithuania), in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. The amount of DNA extracted was measured using a Qubit® 2.0 fluorometer (Life Technologies, USA). The extracted total DNA was stored at -20 ° C for further analysis. Evaluation of the bacterial community of the rumen was carried out by NGS sequencing on the next generation sequencing platform MiSeq (Illumina, USA) using primers for 16S rRNA. Sequencing was carried out using reagents for library preparation (Illumina, USA). The processing of the reads (readings of DNA), including overlapping, quality filtration (Q30), and primer trimming, were performed using the Illumina bioinformatics platform. Quality control and data analysis was carried out in accordance with the QIIME2 ver.2019.10 program (https://docs.qiime2.org). NGS samples of rumen content of reindeer in the Murmansk region made it possible to describe the bacterial biodiversity patterns of the microbial community of the reindeer rumen and to reveal a number of pathogenic groups of bacteria. Thus, the use of the NGS method for the analysis of the microbial communities of the reindeer rumen is interesting for identifying various pathogens and characterizing the digestive system and the health of the animal as a whole.

Aflatoxin B1 is one of the most dangerous natural feed pollutants, which results in a deterioration in the productivity, reproduction and immune status of animals. The research applied the chromatographic and enzyme immunoassay methods to monitor aflatoxin B1 in feed and feed raw materials implemented in agricultural enterprises of the Republic of Tatarstan. The research was conducted on the feed of plant, animal and mineral origin. Between 2012 and 2019, it was clearly stated that in most samples the analyzed mycotoxin was completely absent, in some samples it was found at levels that did not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations, and at some cases the level exceeded the maximum permissible norms by 2 times. The most susceptible to contamination were vegetable own-produced feeds - haylage and grain-mixture. The research showed the maximum content in samples of grain-mixture in amounts of 88.0 mcg/kg and in haylage - 75.0 mcg/kg. The comparative study (researches of the previous years) on the content of aflatoxin B1 in forage and feed raw materials in enterprises of the Republic of Tatarstan found that the number of samples was greater and contamination was 21.4 %. Studies show that aflatoxin B1 is present in quantities that are dangerous to animal and human health and therefore it is necessary to pay more attention to the effect of small doses. The mycotoxicological analysis is performed in individual livestock farms and therefore foorages that are not sent for research is fed in farms without studying the content of aflatoxin B1. The organization of a system for forage monitoring will increase the productivity of animals and will allow the production of high quality and safe products that meet the needs of the market.

In recent years, an increase in consumer interest in goat milk has been recorded in Russia and the world, as it has a more complete composition and is better suited for nutrition of the elderly and the creation of baby food. Therefore, an increase in the production of goat milk in modern animal husbandry in Russia is acquiring significant rise against a background of great breed diversity. The protein content in goats of the German white and Alpine breeds was almost at the same level of 2.86-2.90%, which is 0.11-0.15% lower in goats of the Anglo-Nubian breed. The concentration of lactose in the milk of goats in the Belgorod region ranged from 4.33 to 4.55%. The highest rate was observed in goats of the Anglo-Nubian breed. The highest fat content was found in goats of the Anglo-Nubian breed, which was 2.62%, which is 0.38% more than the goats of the German white breed and 0.56% more (p<0.05) than the alpine breed. The high calcium content was found in goats of the German white breed (169.8 mg/100g), which is 1.8 times higher (p<0.001) than in the dairy herd of the Alpine breed. The number of somatic cells was the smallest in the German white breed (271 thousand/cm3) and the Anglo-Nubian breed (301 thousand/cm3), which was significantly (p<0.001) lower than in the Alpine breed (477 thousand/cm3). On the rennet test, the best cheese suitability of milk was found in goats of the Anglo-Nubian breed, on fermentation and rennet-fermentation - in goats of the Alpine breed. When staging the rennet, the best results were obtained from goats of the Anglo-Nubian breed (milk from 40% of the animals belonged to class 2), and the worst from goats of the German white and alpine breeds (25% belonged to class 2). According to the rennet fermentation test, the best results were observed for Alpine goats - 50% of the milk received belonged to Grade 1, and the worst were observed in Anglo-Nubian goats -83% of the milk received, belonged to Grade 3.

The main goals of the development of goat breeding are to obtain skins, milk, down, etc. which are engaged in agricultural organizations, peasant (farmer) and personal farms. To achieve these goals, it is necessary to increase the breeding population of goats. Due to the special structure of the digestive system, goats are able to digest food with a high content of fiber. The diet of goats is very diverse, but to ensure and support vital functions of the body, goats need a balanced diet that includes proteins, vitamins and minerals. In this connection, in our studies, we studied the effect of carbohydrate-vitamin-mineral concentrate on the body of adult goats, their behavior, the amount of drug consumption, studied the composition of alfalfa hay and the biochemical composition of the blood. Based on the results obtained, it was found that the goats of the experimental and control groups consumed food and water equally, and no distinctive features were found in the behavioral reactions. The daily consumption of UVMC by goats in the experimental group was 33.3±2.1 g per day per head. According to the results of the study of haylage, it belongs to the second class, which proves the usefulness and meets the needs of the body. The results of the biochemical composition of the blood showed that there was an increase in glucose and alkaline reserve by 19.5 and 21.3%, respectively. The content of calcium and phosphorus in the blood serum at the beginning of the study in both groups was at the lower limits of the physiological norm, but by the end of the experiment increased by 13.6 and 15.0%, respectively. The results obtained confirm that the use of VMC in experimental groups of animals normalizes metabolic processes, as a result of which it will prevent metabolic disorders in the animal body.

In this article, studies the dynamics of indicators of the main signs of milk productivity over 305 days 7 lactations in 240 cows of the Ayrshire breed. The average values for milk yield, the mass fraction of fat and protein, the amount of milk fat and protein, the range between the maximum and minimum values were calculated and studied, and the standard deviation according to the characteristics studied was established. The average milk yield was higher in the 5th and 6th lactation and amounted to 8412 kg and 8962 kg; the maximum% of fat was in the 7th lactation - 4.2%, and% of the protein in the second - 3.46% and also in the last 7th lactation -3.43%. The value of the mass fraction of fat was maximum in the 1st lactation - 1.2; and the minimum at the 6th lactation is 0.05. The value of the mass fraction of protein was maximum in the second - 0.74 and minimum in the 7th lactation -0.24. He overall picture for these indicators represents the horizontal trend lines in the diagrams, which indicates a slight deviation of the values relative to the average for all lactations. The yield of milk fat and protein was maximum in the 6th lactation - 345.9 kg and 289.47 kg, respectively. The standard deviation by milk was 568.6; by mass fraction of fat 0.09; by the mass fraction of protein 0.08; by the amount of milk fat 26.4; by the amount of milk protein 16.9; which means the uniformity of the average values for these indicators. It can be concluded that the selection of cattle in this complex was progressive, because led to stably high production in animals over 7 lactations.