A common complication in purulent endometritis is septicemia and septic shock, leading to the death of the animal. To prevent the development of complications, an early diagnosis is carried out. For this purpose, a proprietary variation of the scoring models (scales PRO (P = predisposition, I = infection, K = response, O = organ dysfunction) and PYOMETRA) is proposed. An algorithm of actions has been developed for making operational decisions on the prognosis of possible septic complications in animals, including an assessment of the clinical manifestation of the inflammatory response SIRS, the syndrome of multiple organ insufficiency MODS and the syndrome of compensatory anti-inflammatory response CARS. The algorithm at the first stage provides for the determination of the PIRO score. If necessary, if the PIRO data indicate a doubtful, cautious or unfavorable prognosis, an assessment of the cellular and humoral blood parameters of dogs is carried out on a PIOMETRA scale. This makes it possible to determine the degree of development of the clinical manifestation of the inflammatory response (SIRS) and the level of expenditure of the body's protective resources because of the anti-inflammatory response (CARS). The indicator of the severity of the general condition of the sick animal also affects the reliability of the prognosis regarding the outcome of the disease. When evaluating the PIRO and PYOMETRA scales in the study, some animals had a mild degree; others had a medium, severe or critical degree of severity of the disease, which allowed us to confirm the importance of using additional scales when developing strategies and tactics for treating animals.

ESBL (extended spectrum β-lactamases) are enzymes capable for spliting penicillins, cephalosporins and monobactams and not hydrolyzing cephamycins and carbapenems. The most common ESBL producers are Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Antibiotic susceptibility testing by serial dilution determines the effective dosage of antibiotics.

The aim of the work is to study the minimum inhibitory concentration of various antibiotics and determine the production of β-lactamase for the bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli using the Sensititre ESB1F tablet.

In the course of the work, two Sensititre ESB1F plates were used, the wells of which contained dry antimicrobials at certain concentrations, saline, Mueller-Hinton broth, an automatic pipette for 10 and 50 µl with disposable tips, McFarland standard 0.5 units, blood agar plates to control the purity of cultures.

The results were recorded visually, registering growth by cloudiness of the medium, formation of a film or sediment at the bottom of the plate in comparison with the control wells.

To account for the results of the test confirming the presence of ESBL, the MIC obtained for ceftazidime, cefotaxime and the MIC obtained for the combination of these antibiotics with clavulanic acid (ceftazidime/clavulanic acid and cefotaxime/ clavulanic acid) were compared. The test result was considered positive if the difference in MIC was more than two dilutions.

For E. coli, the MICs of ceftazidime and ceftazidime/clavulanic acid were 8 and 0.25/4, respectively, i.e. the difference in dilutions was 7; for cefotaxime, the MIC corresponds to 1 mg/l, with respect to cefotaxime/clavulanic acid, the studied E. coli turned out to be sensitive at all concentrations studied. For Kl. pneumoniae MIC of ceftazidime was 16, ceftazidime/clavulanic acid was 0.5 (difference of 6 dilutions); cefotaxime - 2 and cefotaxime / clavulanic acid - 0.25 (3 dilution difference). It follows from this that both studied microorganisms produce extended spectrum β lactamases.

A conclusion was made about the expedient use of Sensititre ESB1F tablets, which make it possible to determine and confirm the presence of ESBL enzymes in representatives of the Enterobacteriaceae family.

The results of assessing the level of betalactamase activity will reduce the unreasonable use of antibacterial drugs from the group of betalactams.

The gut microbiota and its development for the health of pets are currently being actively developed. The composition of the gut microbiome is found in the reduction of food intake, the state of the immune system of animals, productivity and growth in livestock content. Also found in the colon are unusual pathogen phyla that can serve as markers of fecal contamination in the environment. We conducted a study of the intestinal microbiome of 12 animals divided into two groups - calves and adult cows. Bacteria of taxa of taxa Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidota, Campilobacterota, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, Desulfobacterota, Fibrobacterota, Firmicutes, Fusobacterota, Halobacterota, Elusimicrobiota, Euryarchaeota, Proteobacteria, Patescibacteria, Spirochaetota, Thermoplasmatota, Verrucomicrobia and a large number of unclassified bacteria were identified.

It has been shown that the intestinal microbiome of calves differs from that of adult cows, and diarrhea affects the composition of the intestines of young animals, reducing the biodiversity of the inhabitants. In calves, the Shannon index ranged from 3.18 to 4.3, in adult animals from 4.41 to 5.24. Comparison of the gut microbiomes of healthy calves and calves with diarrhea was carried out using the Hutcheson t-test, the difference was significant (P<<<0.0001). > The main phyla of calf intestinal bacteria are Bacteroidota and Firmicutes, moreover, the diversity and number of microbial lines of Bacteroidota increases with age. Firmicutes of the families Lactobacillae and Lactobacillales_fa, as well as the family Selenomonadaceae, are markers of the juvenile age of animals. Calf-specific Bacteroidota are representatives of Tannerellaceae and Marinifilaceae. The microbiome of adult animals at the phylum level is distinguished by the presence of bacteria Verrucomicrobiota, Desulfobacterota, archaea Methanobacteria and Methanomicrobia. At the level of families and genera, the formed microbiome of cows has unique representatives of Bacteroidota and Firmicutes.

Thus, we have presented data on the main representatives of healthy intestinal bacteria of cows and calves, which can later be used to diagnose the physiological state of animals, as well as in environmental studies to detect fecal environmental pollution.

In recent years, Escherichia coli producing beta-lactamases isolated from poultry have been more common. These enzymes promote the cleavage and modification of the molecule of beta-lactam antibacterial agents, such as penicillins, cephalosporins, etc. Enzymatic inactivation of the antibiotic leads to clinical inefficiency in animal therapy, which leads to economic losses in agriculture.

The aim of the research is to study bacteria E. coli producing beta-lactamases and the problem of antibiotic therapy in poultry farming.

The proposed distribution of antimicrobial drugs (AMPs) should be used in the work of veterinary laboratories. This would allow dividing AMPs into groups, taking into account the priority of the antibiotic, the natural resistance of microbes, the pathways of transmission of resistance genes for the rational use of drugs. Rational ranking is important for maintaining the biological safety of the country, including counteracting the formation of multidrug-resistant pathogens of bacterial poultry diseases.

It was determined that the microorganism E. coli isolated from poultry is characterized by resistance to different classes of antimicrobial drugs: sulfonamides, the 1st generation cephalosporins, the 2nd generation and 3rd generation, penicillins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones.

The presence of extended spectrum betalactamase production was established as a result of the tests carried out with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in combination with cephalosporins of the III-IV generation.

The isolated microorganism is sensitive to the following antibacterial drugs: ceftazidime (3rd generation cephalosporin) and amoxicillin with clavulanic acid.

After analyzing the obtained data, it was found that the microorganism E. coli is resistant to most antimicrobial drugs.

There is a need of creating a group of AMP reserve in veterinary medicine and its use in the case of resistance of the microorganism to AMP 1 and 2 groups of choice.

The fight against pathogens of bacterial infections of poultry and antiepizootic actions require a revision of the algorithms, and should include measures to prevent the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes of microorganisms.

The article is devoted to determining the spread of dirofilariasis in the Vyborgsky district of the Leningrad region. The objects of the study were 23 dogs of various breeds aged from 1 to 9 years. Of these, 21 dogs were in a shelter, and 2 dogs were kept at home. As part of routine research, diagnostics was carried out for 10 types of helminths. 4 dogs were identified, in the blood of which antibodies to dirofilariasis were detected by PCR. In 100% of cases, the causative agent is Dirofilaria repens. The average invasion intensity (EI) of D. repens (Railliet et Henry, 1911) was 17.4%. By PCR, hemobartonellosis was detected in 6 dogs (28.6%), and in 9.5% of the animals mixed invasion was observed - hemobartonellosis and dirofilariasis.

Thus, on the territory of the Vyborgsky district of the Leningrad region, a local focus of dirofilariasis and hemobartonellosis of carnivores is actively functioning, in the spread of which stray and owner dogs are actively involved, which indicates the circulation of parasites in the study area and the possibility of infection of other animals and humans. For the implementation of effective prevention of dirofilariasis, we suggest using drugs based on macrocyclic lactones, and hemobartonellosis - doxycycline.

In our studies, it was proved that the use of the proposed composition of biostimulators allows us to effectively implement a number of vital properties for the embryo. The key ones, among others, include antioxidant ones, which caused a decrease in the abnormal intensity of lipoperoxidation, both due to their own antioxidant capabilities and due to the effect on the synthesis and activation of some other antioxidants. Vitagenic ones should also be noted, implemented through the effect on the activity of individual genes responsible for encoding catalase synthesis and regulating individual kinases in response to environmental stress. In turn, the metabolism-stimulating ones were determined by the optimization of metabolism, with the intensification of aerobic glycolysis and stimulation of ATP synthesis. Separately, it is important to pay attention to the fact that the sodium salt of lipoic acid is formed by a weak acid and a strong base, as well as the synergistic effect of the composition of the BAS used, which determined a decrease in lactate synthesis as a product of anaerobic decomposition of glucose, largely caused the coregulation of the possibility of the development of uncompensated acidosis and conditions for normalization of blood pH. No less important for the implementation of compensatory functions are the identified possibilities of more effective and close interrelations of metabolic processes when using a combination of the discussed biostimulants. Thus, the listed properties, constituting important elements necessary for the successful implementation of the mechanisms of natural resistance, and at the same time other adaptive capabilities of the organism, allowed to stabilize homeostasis in embryos and young animals, causing an increase in the intensity, quality of their development and viability of individuals for a long period in ontogenesis.

One of the global environmental problems facing man is the pollution of the oceans by industrial and household garbage. Several hundred seals and sea lions injured by foreign objects are registered annually in reproductive rookeries. Without timely release, these animals are doomed to perish. In this regard, the purpose of the work was to test the technique of freeing injured marine mammals from foreign objects of anthropogenic origin using methods of remote sedation of animals. The problem of implementing measures for the release of marine mammals is associated, among other things, with the lack of proven methods and dosages of sedatives for these animals.

In the course of this study, it was revealed that in order to carry out remote sedation, the following factors must be taken into account: weather conditions, distance to water, the presence of other animals between the object and the water, terrain features, danger from other animals, the place of the shot, the dose. The choice of an animal must be carried out depending on the period (harem / post-harem), age, psychological state, body weight and physical condition. In the course of working out the technique of freeing injured marine mammals from foreign objects of anthropogenic origin using methods of remote sedation of animals in a natural habitat, an algorithm for remote sedation using a Bushnell HOLO sight daninject 2528 mod jm remote injector was developed and tested (barrel diameter 11 mm, pressure in the applicator chamber 5 Bar (500 kPa), the size of the syringe-dart for sedation CMC 2-3 ml, needle length 4 cm), a scheme of combined anesthesia with the help of zoletil 100 (telazol) and medin (medetomedin) 1% has also been developed and successfully tested.

The physiological characteristics of the pig organism determine the difficulties of general anesthesia. In this regard, the actual problem in providing adequate anesthesia in this type of animal is the prevention and control of respiratory and circulatory disorders. The aim of the work was to assess the adequacy of anesthesia in pigs according to the gas composition and acid-base state (CBS) of blood, which underwent surgical manipulations under general anesthesia during experimental studies. The object of the study was 16 pigs (6 boars, 10 sows) aged from four to six months. The work is devoted to comparing the dynamics of blood gas composition indicators at various stages of intravenous anesthesia with zoletil and inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane in order to prevent and timely detect hypoxemia and hypercapnia in pigs. The division of hypoxemia and hypercapnia by severity based on clinical symptoms, laboratory studies of the gas composition of arterial blood made it possible to objectively assess the condition of the animal and provide it with the necessary assistance in a timely manner. The study of the acid-base state of the blood showed that with both types of anesthesia, the greatest changes during induction and during awakening are affected by the amount of carbon dioxide tension in arterial blood (РaСO2). During the induction period, it increased both with the introduction of the zoletil and with the use of isoflurane, respectively, by 26.6% and 14.1% compared with the initial values. During the awakening period, the value of PaCO2 decreased by 10.7% compared to the previous value with anesthesia with zoletil and by 7.2% with inhalation of isoflurane.

As a result of the studies, it was found that the proposed drug based on toltrazuril, tinidazole and levamisole hydrochloride according to the average lethal oral dose in accordance with GOST 12.1.007–76 belongs to the fourth hazard class - low-hazard substances. To assess the acute toxicity of the drug, experimental and control groups of whites were formed. Wistar rats weighing 190.2±5.92 grams. To study the acute toxicity of the drug based on toltrazuril, tinidazole and levamisole hydrochloride, a suspension was prepared using the Polysorbate 80 emulsifier. The prepared suspension in different dosages was administered through an intragastric tube to experimental animals and an equal volume of physiological saline was administered to the control group of white rats. With the introduction of a drug based on toltrazuril, tinidazole and levamisole hydrochloride at a dose of 3745 mg/kg, the death of two rats was recorded, which is 20% of the experimental group No. 5. With the introduction of the drug at a dose of 5350 mg/kg, 5 dead animals or 50% of experimental group No. 8 were registered, and with the introduction of 6420 mg/kg - 10 dead laboratory animals, i.e. all animals of the experimental group No. 10. When registering the body weight of white rats of the experimental and control groups, no statistically significant differences were found in the indicators for the entire observation period. At the same time, it should be noted that in the groups of experimental laboratory animals in which the drug was tested at a dose of 3745 mg/kg to 5885 mg/kg, lower values of body weight gain were established in comparison with the control. The minimum tolerated dose was found to be 3210.0 mg/kg, LD16 - 3679.7 mg/kg, LD50 - 5029.0 mg/kg, LD84 - 6121.5 mg/kg, LD100 - 6420.0 mg/kg and SLD50 - ±406. The data obtained allow us to proceed to the study of subchronic toxicity and irritant action of the developed drug.

An important step in the manufacture of ophthalmic medicinal films is the method of applying the active substance to the base of the film former. As a result of the analysis of available methods, it is necessary to choose a method in which the prolonged action of medicinal substances remains the same, and the molecular structure of the active component does not change. A number of researchers suggest adding an active component to a film former immediately before film production. Some developers apply active ingredients to a ready-made base. Based on the foregoing, we set a goal - to test methods for applying a biostimulator from the brain tissue of cattle with the addition of silver nanoparticles to a base of film-forming substances. As laboratory models for testing the methods of applying the active substance to the film-forming base, we chose polyvinyl alcohol in a ratio of 1/15 with distilled water and gelatin in a ratio of 1/7 with distilled water. To prepare the active substance for its introduction into the film-forming agent, NaCl solution was added with a micropipette to the biostimulator from the brain tissue of cattle with the addition of silver nanoparticles and gently but thoroughly mixed. To determine the dissolution rate of the eye medicinal films obtained as a result of the experiment, the obtained samples were placed on the surface of the cornea of laboratory animals. 10 giant rabbits and two outbred dogs were chosen as experimental animals. As a result of the study, we found that the preferred method for applying a biostimulant from the brain tissue of cattle with the addition of silver nanoparticles to the base of film-forming substances (polyvinyl alcohol and gelatin) is the introduction of the active substance into the film-forming agent immediately before the production of films. Forms based on gelatin completely dissolved in the eyes of the subjects in 45 minutes, from polyvinyl alcohol - in 95 minutes.

This paper discusses the prospect of developing an injectable form of herbal medicine as a uterotonic, antimicrobial, ruminatory, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic and immunostimulating agent, which includes alcohol tinctures of nettle, yarrow and hellebore, as well as propylene glycol. The methods of pharmaceutical analysis of medicinal plant raw materials, physicochemical and empirical methods were used to determine the optimal composition of the phytocomposition in the following ratio of components per 100 ml: hellebore tincture - 2.5 ml, yarrow tincture - 15.0 ml, nettle tincture - 15, 0 ml, propylene glycol - 67.5 ml. Phytopreparation is a transparent alcohol solution, dark green in color, without foreign impurities and sediment, with a specific smell, soluble in water and alcohol. The results of the safety assessment of the phytopreparation, carried out on laboratory animals, indicate its low toxicity in the enteral and parenteral routes of administration. In pilot studies conducted on cows with signs of acute catarrhal endometritis, which were injected intravenously with the test composition of the phytopreparation at a dose of 30 ml per head, positive results were obtained. 10-15 minutes after the intravenous administration of the phytopreparation in cows, a contraction of the muscles of the uterus and the release of exudate were recorded. The results of early gynecological medical examination of cows, carried out 14 days after calving, confirm the high therapeutic efficacy of the developed composition in acute purulent-catarrhal endometritis and subinvolution of the uterus in cows.

Metabolic syndrome is a complex of metabolic, hormonal and clinical disorders. The aim of the research was to consider the main markers of metabolic disorders in the body in fish on a model of toxic damage in zebrafish (20 males and 20 females) zebrafish aged 2-3 months. Before the start of the experiment, the fish were divided into two parity groups. Indicators were monitored daily according to standard methods. The quality of the habitat corresponded to GOST 15.372 - 87, the displacement of the aquarium was 75 liters.

The conditions of keeping and feeding (crushed Tetra food) in the experimental group were similar, however, in order to simulate toxic liver damage, Carbamate MN (Moscow) was added to the fish habitat at a concentration of 4.5 mg/l in terms of the active substance.

On the 7th day of the experiment, blood was taken from the gill vein in the fish of the experimental and control groups, according to the method of Jill M Murtha (2003), in order to determine biochemical parameters according to the standard method [15,16]. The quantitative indicators revealed during the experiments were processed using the Statistica 6.0 software package.

Statistically significant were the indicators of glucose, bilirubin and total protein in individual groups. So the content of glucose and cholesterol is doubled in males and females in the experimental group, compared with the control. The content of bilirubin is higher than the maximum allowable level of this indicator (reference values) by 16%.

The use of Carbamate MN in a toxic dosage contributed to metabolic disorders, manifested by a change in the parameters of protein (total protein), fat (cholesterol), carbohydrate (glucose) and pigment (bilirubin) metabolism, which are predictors of the morpho -functional state of the liver.

Biological additives, biocоrrectors, mycotoxin eliminators favorably affect the quality and safety of the products obtained, as evidenced by a large number of studies, and also affect the immune status, therefore, the purpose of our study was to conduct an organoleptic evaluation of rainbow trout samples and find out whether the use of a humic acid-based drug affects such organoleptic parameters like appearance, color, consistency and smell. Feed additives have a beneficial effect on the quality and safety of the products obtained and affect the immune status. The purpose of our study was to determine the effect of the use of the drug "SmartBiotic", produced on the basis of humic acids, on the organoleptic characteristics of the products obtained.

Three groups of rainbow trout fingerlings (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were formed to conduct the study. One group served as a control, and the other two were experimental. The first experimental group of fingerlings received the drug at a concentration of 0.15%, and the second experimental group – at a dose of 0.25%. In the control group of rainbow trout, the drug "SmartBiotic" was not used. The determination of organoleptic parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) samples was carried out on the basis of the laboratory of the Department of Veterinary and Sanitary Examination of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine according to generally accepted methods and in accordance with the requirements of RNS 814-2019 "Chilled fish. Technical conditions", with the help of which it is also possible to identify the increasingly common falsification of products.

To conduct the study, samples were selected from the formed three groups of rainbow trout fingerlings (Oncorhynchus mykiss) for organoleptic analysis.

The diet of a horse with the musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in the treatment period should provide it enough energy and nutrient requirements, but not provoke excessive activity and mobility, which can cause a decrease in the recovery effectiveness. There are no exact recommendations for veterinary specialists on the features of making ration for the horses with MSD. The aim of our study was to explore the practice of feeding horses with MSD, and to assess the influence of the diets composition on the factors influencing the processes of treatment and recovery. For this purpose, we assessed and analyzed the diets of sports horses (n=65) during the period of treatment of the MSD of various etiologies, in terms of compliance with their needs. It was found that in the absence of factors that reduce the efficiency of the gastrointestinal tract, the need for metabolic energy and crude protein can be fully met by roughage (hay). But without balancers or specialized additives, there is a significant lack of micronutrients (I, Zn, Cu) in the diets and a violation of the Ca, P, Mg ratio with a significant excess of Ca, even if only hay is used, without additional feed and additives. Excess of metabolizable energy (ME) is observed even in "only hay" diets, and with the introduction of additional feeds, it increases greatly, which leads to an increase in body condition score or the need to use sedative supplements and behavioral drugs. When organizing the diet, it is necessary to control the total content of ME by limiting the quantity or reducing the calorie content of roughage (replacement with less nutritious, soaking, etc.), limiting the quantity of additional feed.

When compiling diets for productive animals, one of the indicators taken into account is the cationanion balance, which is calculated based on the content of sodium and potassium cations and sulfate and chloride anions. The cationic-anionic composition of feed is very diverse. The lack or excess of one or another cation or anion in feed can lead to disruption of metabolic processes and various diseases of non-infectious etiology.

The aim of the work was to quantify and analyze the cationanion composition of feed for productive animals by capillary electrophoresis.

The research was carried out in the conditions of the educational and research center for the examination of food and animal feed of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. 76 samples of various feeds for productive animals were used as research materials: 19 samples of grass flour, cake, mixed feeds for cattle.

The study of the cationic composition of the studied feed samples was carried out, guided by the methodology M 04-65-2010 «Feed, compound feed and raw materials for their production. The method of measuring the mass fraction of ammonium, potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium cations by capillary electrophoresis using the capillary electrophoresis system «Kapel», and anionic composition – according to the method M 04 -73-2011 «Feed, compound feed and raw materials for their production. The method of measuring the mass fraction of water-soluble forms of chloride, sulfate, nitrate and phosphate ions by capillary electrophoresis using the capillary electrophoresis system «Kapel» (GC «LUMEX»).

Thus, analyzing the results obtained, it was found that in all samples of feed for productive animals, the mass fraction of cations and anions varied depending on the type of cation or anion and feed.

Determination of the cationic-anionic composition of feed is a necessary condition for the formation of a full-fledged diet that provides the body of productive animals with nutrients, which is especially important in modern conditions of intensification of animal husbandry and agricultural development.

Reservoirs are a special category of inland water bodies with specific features of water exchange, flow and level fluctuations. The quality of water in reservoirs is formed under the influence of three factors: natural and economic conditions for the formation of runoff in the catchment area, the quantity and quality of wastewater, atmospheric emissions of pollutants, and processes occurring in the reservoir itself. The quality of water in individual water areas of reservoirs is also heterogeneous. The article deals with the issue of the current ichthyotoxicological state of the Narva reservoir, a reservoir of fishery importance, two decades ago one of the most polluted in the North-West of Russia, which manifested itself in the total defeat of fish by toxicosis and cases of their death. This was due to a powerful anthropogenic load and the entry of pollutants in various ways, and especially by the aerogenic route. The present study is associated with a decrease in anthropogenic load as a result of a decrease in the operation of the Narva and Baltic thermal power plants (TPP). As a result of analytical studies in a number of water areas of the reservoir, it was shown that the reduction of anthropogenic load primarily affected the condition of fish as generally accepted indicators of water quality and habitat – the percentage of toxicosis damage and the severity of the pathological process decreased.

The reduction of anthropogenic load was shown by the results of biotesting and materials of chemical-analytical research.

The ban on the use of antibiotic stimulators of poultry productivity, as well as the growing awareness of consumers in the field of food safety and poultry health, were an incentive for the introduction of alternative concepts for maintaining the health of the gastrointestinal tract, on the condition of which 70% of feed costs in the structure of the cost of production depend. We have summarized the results of our own research on the use of acidifiers through feed and water. It is shown that in order to select an effective dose of the drug, it is necessary to determine the acid-binding properties of the components (KSS), which differ significantly and if this is not taken into account, then adding an acidifier to compound feeds with low KSS can cause cloacitis. At the same time, on compound feeds with high KSS, the addition of an acidifier contributed to a decrease in the indicator by 20-36%, which led to an improvement in the microbiological balance in the gastrointestinal tract, an increase in the digestibility of protein, fat, fiber by 3.1; 2.1 and 4.9%, respectively. The use of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus increased by 5.6; 4.1; 4.9%, and the productivity of broilers by 3.1% while reducing feed costs per unit of production by 4.21 and 7.38%, respectively, in physical and monetary terms. When using organic acids (KisOrg) through water (300 ml/t to pH-4.5) five times for three days in a row during the period of rearing repair young, the live weight of chickens and roosters increased by 1.92% and 2.6%, the uniformity by weight increased by 5.6% and 7.3%, respectively. The same mixture of acids, when applied three times through water in an amount of 350ml / t (pH 4.0) when growing broilers, contributed to an increase in live weight by 3.1% while reducing feed costs by 4.5%.

Acute gastric dilation syndrome is a condition that occurs with a significant increase in the stomach volume, which can also beaggravated by twisting the stomach around its axis (gastric torsion). Acute dilation syndrome and gastric torsion is deadly conditions that require immediate veterinary care and intensive therapy. Mortality from this pathology ranges from 10 to 50%, most of the fatal cases occur during postoperative period, and possible complications can affect almost all body systems. The purpose of the presented study was to evaluate and analyze the most common changes in blood biochemical parameters in dogs with acute gastric dilation syndrome, as well as a retrospective review of methods for choosing the resolution of the acute gastric dilation syndrome (surgical intervention or gastric intubation intubation and lavage). Based on the data obtained, a statistical analysis was carried out in order to identify the most prognostically significant parameters. During the study, the regularities of the choice of the treatment method were revealed – for dogs with a live weight of more than 33 kg, in 80% of cases, surgical intervention with subsequent gastropexy was chosen as treatment method. The survival rate of dogs with the choice of surgery as treatment method was 60% (n=10), and for dogs with probing and gastric lavage as treatment method – 50% (n=10). There were also significant (p<0.05) increases in total bilirubin levels and aspartate aminotransferase activity in the group of dogs with a fatal outcome (n=9) when compared with the group of dogs with a benign outcome (n=11). The activity of aspartate aminotransferase in the group of dogs with a benign outcome was 111.52 ± 69.34 IU/l, and in the group of dogs with a fatal outcome 270.46 ± 179.11 IU/l. The total bilirubin level was 3.27 ± 1.19 μmol/l and 5.34 ± 2.31 μmol/l, respectively.

Follicular cyst of the interdigital skin is a common problem in dogs, which causes significant economic damage to service, sports and decorative dog breeding. In the treatment of animals with this pathology, along with surgical intervention, it is necessary to use anti-inflammatory and/or immunosuppressive drugs. Thus, the question arises of studying the intensity of the inflammatory process in dogs with follicular cyst of the interdigital skin. The article presents the results of a study of markers of inflammation and allergy in these animals, including animals with a generalized dermatological reaction – dermatitis. The study was conducted at the Department of General and Private Surgery of the SPbGUVM, based on the clinic of small pets. For the study, 3 random groups of animals, 10 dogs each, were selected. In the first group – 10 animals with common dermatitis, in the second –10 dogs with follicular cyst of the interdigital skin of localized course, and in the third – 10 with follicular cyst of the interdigital skin in combination with common dermatitis. Whole blood was obtained from all animals, and blood plasma was used as a sample for testing using species-specific rapid tests for qualitative determination of the concentration of Ig-E and CRP in the blood of dogs.

The results of the study were entered into the table, and then these indicators were calculated according to the "criterion X2", using the statistics program – "Biostat". The study revealed that in dogs with follicular cyst of the interdigital skin, in combination with a pronounced dermatological reaction, there is a systemic inflammatory response of the body, and in animals with a localized course of pathology, with the presence of only hair follicle cysts, the intensity of the systemic inflammatory response remains at a low.

Mycotoxins have been extensively studied by many research groups, but further research is needed to better understand and clarify many issues. This study demonstrated ultrastructural changes in the liver and morphometric characteristics of mitochondria in rats under experimental combined exposure to mycotoxins. The first group of rats served as biological control. The second and fourth groups were fed aflatoxin B1, T-2 toxin, zearalenone. Rats of the 4th group, in addition to the toxic diet, received a prophylactic complex at a dose of 0.25% of the diet; the third group – the same complex in addition to the main diet. In hepatocytes with mixed mycotoxicosis (the second group of rats), changes in the ultrastructure of the nuclei were observed: the appearance of nuclei of an atypical shape, when depressions and irregularities form in the outer contour of some nuclei, but the structure of the perinuclear space does not change. In addition, reorientation occurs in the nuclei and in some even disintegration of chromatin, destruction of mitochondria, clarification of the cytoplasm. Cristae in mitochondria are not visible or almost not visible, membrane ruptures with destruction of organelles are detected, the matrix is mainly of medium electron density, sometimes enlightened. The cytoplasm is mostly electronlight, various kinds of inclusions are rare (peroxisomes are not found at all). The endoplasmic reticulum is presented fragmentarily. All studied morphometric characteristics of mitochondria (area, perimeter, sphericity and caliperometric diameter) are statistically significantly (p<0.05 in Mann-Whitney test with Benjamini-Hochberg correction) reduced by 3.04, 1.57, 1.49 and 1.07 times in the toxic control group relative to the biological control group. The use of a prophylactic complex against the background of mixed mycotoxicosis stabilizes the ultrastructure of various subcellular structures of hepatocytes (chromatin is condensed, perinuclear space is not enlarged, cytoplasm is medium electron density, mitochondria is with a dense matrix). Thus, the prophylactic complex proposed has a protective effect on the ultrastructure of hepatocytes and morphometric parameters of mitochondria.

In case of violation of the technology of preparation and storage of feed, conditions are formed for development of fungi of the genus Aspergillus, Fusarium, etc., which often produce a diverse level of dangerous mycotoxins, leading to an increase in the number of cases of animal mycotoxicosis. The ingestion of mycotoxins into the body often causes a number of metabolic, physiological and immunological disorders. In the framework of this work, the effectiveness of a prophylactic mixture that combines components that affect a variety of pathological processes under conditions of combined exposure to mycotoxins was evaluated. White rats divided into 4 groups were used for the experiment. For 21 days, rats were fed with a mixture of mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1 - 2.5 mg/kg, T-2 toxin - 5 mg/kg, and zearalenone - 2.0 mg/kg). The negative effect of the combined act was demonstrated by the inhibition of the main metabolic parameters: a decrease in the concentration of total protein (32.8%), albumin (26.5%), globulin (42.2%), glucose (23.5%), an increase in the content of urea in blood serum (19.4%), the activity of hepatic aminotransferases: AST (32.5%) and ALT (29.6%), while in the group of rats that received toxic food with the addition of a prophylactic mixture, changes relative to the biological control group were 9.8, 9.1, 10.9, 9.5, 5.6, 11.3 and 8.33%, respectively, indicating a protective effect. The analysis of biochemical parameters was carried out on the ARD-200 analyzer. The protective effect of the mixture offered is also confirmed by the data of histological studies of the liver, as the main organ of mycotoxin metabolism. Thus, the addition of a prophylactic mixture based on nanoadsorbent, organic components, methionine and milk thistle meal (in an amount of 0.25% of the diet) showed a protective effect, which was expressed in the correlation of metabolic processes and less pronounced changes in the liver.

Purpose: to study the effects of subclinical ketosis on the hematological indicators of the blood of highly productive milk cows in the postal period. The studied animals are selected according to the principle of conditional analogues and divided into 3 groups of 5 goals each. Depending on the concentration in the blood of 3-hydroxybutirate, animals were divided into 3 groups: 1st group-less than 0.8 mmol/l; Group 2-1.2-1.4 mmol/l; 3rd group-more than 1.4 mmol/l. The conditions of their detention and feeding were the same for all groups. The determination of the level of 3-hydroxybutirates took place 2 times: on the 5th and 15th day after the hotel. Taking blood was carried out from the tail vein in front of the morning feeding. The blood serum was obtained by centrifugation (3000 rpm) with subsequent freezing at -20 ° C. The following indicators were determined in the samples: red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, the total volume of red blood cells, the average hemoglobin content in red blood cells, the distribution of red blood cells in the blood, leukocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, thrombocytes, the average volume of platelets. Reliable differences have been established in the case of indicators of the level of red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit in comparison of the 1st and 2nd groups with the 3rd group. A reliable correlation between the level of 3-hydroxybutirates and some hematological indicators (on various days after the hotel) has been established.

The purpose of the study is to study the features of the macro- and microscopic structure of the avian uterus in the hen of the Haysex white cross. The objects of the study were 10 carcasses of adult hens, cross-hysex white, aged 160-180 days. To study the structure of the oviduct, the method of conventional and fine dissection was used. For histological examination, the material was fixed in a 10% aqueous solution of neutral formalin, followed by pouring into paraffin. As a result of our research, we noted that the avian uterus of the oviduct is a sac-like expansion of the oviduct, where the process of mineralization and egg shell coating is carried out. The mucous membrane of the bird's uterus in a chicken is assembled into primary, secondary and tertiary folds covered with a multi-row ciliated epithelium, with the presence of cambial, ciliated and goblet-shaped cells with densely arranged tubular glands. The nuclei of round-oval cells are compressed from the sides, located at different levels. The ducts of the tubular glands open to the surface of the folds. On the mucous membrane there are folds in the form of leaf-shaped plates, which are located longitudinally, covered with columnar ciliated epithelium. The mucous membrane of the avian uterus occupies 61.9% of the wall thickness, is represented by a multi-row ciliated epithelium. At the heart of its own plate of the mucous membrane of the avian uterus lies a large number of tubular glands. Due to the active secreting function, the mucous membrane of the avian uterus is 2.4 times larger than the thickness of the muscular membrane. The muscle membrane, occupying 26.3% of the wall thickness, consists of 5 -6 layers of longitudinal 4 layers of circular bundles of smooth muscle fibers, between which bundles of collagen and elastic fibers are located. The serous membrane accounts for 13.4% of the entire thickness of the uterine wall.

Milk productivity is one of the most important economically useful indicators for which selection is carried out. The level of milk productivity depends on heredity, physiological state, conditions of feeding and use of animals. All other things being equal, the level of milk productivity depends on the breed of the animal. To date, many studies have been conducted on vascular vascularization of the mammary gland in ruminants, but few of them concerned the application of anatomical features of the course and branching of vessels in possible surgical and obstetric-gynecological interventions. In connection with the above about the relevance of breast research, we set a goal to study the anatomical and topographic features of the branching of the arteries of the mammary gland in a goat, and use the Anglo –Nubian breed as a model. The study was conducted on the basis of the Department of Animal Anatomy of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. The dated material was delivered from the farm of the Moscow region of the Russian Federation "Gzhelskoe podvorye". The age of the studied animals was 1 year and older. The age was determined from the words of the chief veterinarian of the farm "Gzhel farmstead", as well as according to the bonus cards and according to the dental formula of the methodology of Professor I.I. Kalugin, a total of 15 individuals were studied. During the study, such methods as: fine anatomical dissection, vascularization, morphometry, photographing were used. According to the results of the study, species and breed anatomical and topographic features of the branching of the arteries of the mammary gland in the goat of the Anglo-Nubian breed were established. The main sources of breast vascularization in the Anglo-Nubian goat breed have been identified. These studies can be used by veterinary specialists in farms and large livestock complexes for breeding goats during surgical and obstetricgynecological manipulations.

To date, degenerative diseases of the intervertebral discs in dogs of chondrodystrophoid breeds, such as dachshunds, French bulldogs, pugs, corgis, etc., is one of the most pressing problems, as these breeds are becoming increasingly popular, and there are more opportunities for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. The purpose of our study was to study the course of neurological pathological processes that occur as a result of compression on the spinal cord in dogs of different ages in home conditions.

The study involved 20 dogs of different ages with clinical signs characteristic of the disease, the focus of which is localized in the spinal column. Clinical signs were expressed in paresis or plegia of the pelvic or all extremities, ataxia, absence of deep pain sensitivity. Based on the anamnesis data and specific findings during the examination, all patients were recommended to undergo magnetic resonance imaging of certain segments of the spinal column with intravenous administration of a contrast agent. As a result of our studies, extrusions (Hansen 1) were detected in almost all dogs, and in 60% of cases the lesion was located between the 3rd thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebra, which was indicated by certain symptoms and subsequently by MRI.

The heart is the central and regulatory organ of the cardiovascular system, the study of the morphology of its bloodstream in humane and veterinary medicine is an important aspect for further diagnosis, prevention and treatment of heart pathologies. In all studied species, the heart is supplied with blood by the right and left coronary arteries, which, according to the species and breed features of the structure, can differ in the degree of their development. The study of the main branches of the coronary arteries and branches of the first and second order, together with their functional significance in the blood supply of a particular structure of the heart, is a topical area in modern veterinary morphology. The purpose of the study is to study the anatomical and topographic patterns of the left coronary artery of the heart of a Maine Coon cat. The object for the study was the corpses of Maine Coon cats at the age of three to five years. In total, five corpses of animals were studied, of which three cats (male) and two cats (females). The following research methods were used: fine anatomical preparation and making casts of heart vessels using Flexstep latex milk. In the course of the study, it was found that the blood supply to the heart of a Maine Coon cat occurs due to the right and left coronary arteries, the latter of which is dominant, from which it follows that this breed of cats has a left-coronal type of blood supply. In the region of the coronary sulcus, anastomotic branches depart from the branches of the left coronary artery, thanks to which the collateral path of blood supply to the heart of the Maine Coon cat closes. The interventricular septum of the heart is supplied with blood by the interventricular branch extending from the left coronary artery.

The article presents data reflecting hematological parameters in domesticated moose with standard treatment, as well as in combination with thymogen in case of damage to the hooves.

Experiments were performed on three groups of moose cows 2 months before calving: control (n=10, healthy) and two experimental groups (n=3 in each): d - with a more severe one and with the additional inclusion in the treatment regimen of a five-day course of thymogen, at a dose of 300 μg / animal, intramuscularly.

Blood was taken before, on the 14th and 30th days of the experiment. Visually, the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, leukogram, ESR were taken into account.

It has been established that hoof injuries in sick moose cows are accompanied by changes in the hematological profile. They register a higher level of erythrocytes, leukocytes, lymphocytes, absolute and relative - stab and segmented neutrophils, against the background of lower levels of basophils, eosinophils, monocytes.

It was shown that the direction of the dynamics of hematological parameters in the animals of the control and the 1st experimental groups had differences in 12 out of 14 indicators, and compared with the 2nd experimental group, only in six. The highest degree of coincidence between the control and the 1st experimental group was noted on the 14th day in seven cases (50%), on the 30th - in four (28.6%), compared with 2 th, moose cow additionally treated with thymogen in 11 (78%) and seven (50%) cases, in the complex on the 14th-30th in two (14.3%) and seven (50%) cases, respectively.

This assessment of the coincidence of the direction of the dynamics of hematological parameters of the experimental groups in comparison with the control group indicates that complex therapy supplemented with thymogen allows to normalize the dynamics of hematological parameters.

To date, sheep breeding in the Russian Federation is a promising branch of agriculture, in this regard, one of the priorities is to increase the number of livestock. First of all, agro-industrial complexes, farms of the Russian Federation engaged in breeding certain breeds of animals, not infrequently encounter diseases of the gastrointestinal tract of non-infectious etiology. On the basis of the Department of Animal Anatomy of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine, we examined 16 corpses of sheep of the Edilbaevsky breed aged from 10 days to 14 months. Cadaveric material was obtained during slaughter from the farm "Slaughter point" IP Yusubov O.M. located in the Vsevolozhsky district of the Leningrad region. The cadaverous material for the study was the pre-ventricles of small cattle, namely a omasum. In the course of the study, histological and morphological data were obtained and processed, as well as the features of the histostructures of the book wall in sheep of the Edilbaevsky breed in the age aspect were revealed. In our study, a complex of traditional histological methods and staining was used: hematoxylin-eosin and Masson trichrome. The purpose of our study is to study the histological structure of the omasum wall in sheep of the Edilbaevsky breed in the age aspect, to clarify morphometric indicators and to characterize the histostructures of this organ. Thus, during the study, it was found that the wall of the omasum in sheep of the Edilbaev breed developed evenly, and was not accompanied by a slowdown in its differentiation throughout the studied period of postnatal ontogenesis. This pattern is associated with the glycogen-depositing and transport functions of the mucous membrane and the high contractile function of the muscular membrane of the laminae omasi.

Data are presented that reflect the indicators of mineral, pigment and lipid metabolism in domesticated elks with hoof damage in standard treatment, as well as in combination with thymogen.

The study was performed on three groups of breeding stock 2 months before calving: control - healthy animals (n = 10) and two experimental animals (n = 3 in each): group 1 - with mild damage to the hooves (basic treatment regimen ), 2nd - with more severe and with additional inclusion in the treatment regimen of a five-day course of thymogen at a dose of 300 μg/head, intramuscularly.

Blood for the study was taken before, on the 14th and 30th day of the experiment. Serum-ku was obtained by the conventional method.

It was shown that a mild degree of damage to the hooves was accompanied by an increase in the level of calcium, sodium, magnesium, cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium-phosphorus ratio, a decrease in chlorine, phosphorus, potassium, total and direct bilirubin, osmolarity, and in more severe cases, an increase phosphorus, sodium, triglycerides against the background of a decrease in other components.

The additional inclusion of thymogen in the scheme of therapeutic treatments in animals with a severe degree of damage contributed to a greater extent to the normalization of mineral metabolism, as evidenced by the indicators at the final stage of the experiments, which are closer to those of healthy animals than in the 1st experimental group. . The use of an immunocorrector minimized disturbances in pigment and lipid metabolism.

The article provides information on the impact of training on clinical blood parameters in horses participating in equestrian distance running competitions, the distance length is 40 km. The animals were divided into two groups, 10 heads each. The first group included horses that were trained one week before the races, the second included animals that were trained two weeks before the competition. As a result of the research, it was revealed that in the case of training within one week before the competition, horses had a statistically significant increase in the number of segmented neutrophils compared to the indicators before the start. This is probably due to the fact that with heavy physical exertion, muscle tissue begins to be injured in insufficiently trained animals, as a result of which the body needs to dispose of the products of muscle tissue metabolism. During the training for two weeks before the competition at a distance of 40 km, the level of segmented neutrophils in the blood of horses did not differ from the data before the start. An increase in red blood indicators was determined in all experimental horses after the runs, when compared with the data before the load, but these indicators did not go beyond the reference values. This is probably due to dehydration, which often develops when walking a long distance. There was also a statistically significant decrease in the level of lymphocytes after exercise in both groups of horses when compared with the indicators before the start. At the same time, these indicators did not go beyond the reference interval.

Genome-Wide Association Studies fertility will allow further selection of animals at the genomic level, and genomic selection will allow the selection of animals with good spermatogenesis at an early age. After our GWAS, several candidate genes associated with stallion sperm quality were identified. One of these genes was the GRM8 gene. In the course of Sanger sequencing studies, four SNPs were identified in the exon of the GRM8 gene and their association with the quality of stallion sperm was carried out. For the rs1138419111 genotype, no significant differences were found in the studied parameters. According to the identified single nucleotide substitution rs1147388106, the largest volume of ejaculate was in stallions with the GG genotype. According to SNP rs395286150, stallions with the heterozygous CT genotype had the best sperm quality. Analysis of data on the SNP rs394524550 revealed a significant effect of the genotype on progressive motility. Three of the four SNPs identified in the exon of the GRM8 gene are significantly associated with such indicators of stallion sperm quality as ejaculate volume, concentration, and progressive motility. Project of the Ministry of Education and Science No. 121052600354-7.

The research was carried out at the high-tech dairy enterprise "Russia" using the GEA DairyProQ robotic milking system of the Donskoye joint Venture of the Volgograd region. Experiments to study the effect of the substance "GALF127KELMU1M2P" have shown that the developed substance, according to the degree of exposure to the body of warm-blooded animals, belongs to low-hazard substances (hazard class 4 according to GOST 12.1.007-76). It has been proven that nipple treatment reduces the number of bacteria on the nipples and the surface of the breast, improves the sanitary quality of milk. The concentration of Staph. aigees, Strep. agalactiae, was lower when the udder nipples and breast surfaces were treated with the substance "GALF127KELMU1M2P" before and after milking, compared with untreated nipples and breast. Based on the results of the experiment, it can be concluded that the controlled treatment of the udder nipples and the breast surface with the substance "GALF127KELMU1M2P" before and after milking cows with high milk yields in 2.4% of animals does not prevent hyperkeratosis of the udder nipples. In addition, 12.1% are diagnosed with subclinical mastitis. As for the animals during disinfection of the udder nipples with Teasfoam Supercow, here hyperkeratosis of the udder nipples was noted in 3.3% of cows. Another 12.9% had sub-clinical mastitis. The results were as follows: hyperkeratosis of the udder nipples was diagnosed in 5.4% of cows. Another 26.5% of the animals became ill with subclinical mastitis. In cows of the control group, animals that did not use the drugs, inflammation of the skin of the udder nipples was noted on 34 nipples (30.4%) and inflammation of the mammary gland in 14 (12.5%) cows. The milk samples obtained from the treated nipples and breast during milking have no foreign smell, color and taste. There are no qualitative changes in milk samples obtained from cows whose nipples and mammary glands were treated during milking, so it can be concluded that the use of hygiene and disinfection of the mammary gland before and after milking cows does not change the sanitary and biochemical qualities of milk, as well as its technological properties.

Corneal pathologies in cats are the main causes of reduced visual acuity and blindness. Corneal sequestration is a specific disease of cats characterized by stromal necrosis of the cornea, in the form of black or brown foci of pathological tissue. If left untreated, sequestration consistently affects all layers of the cornea up to its perforation, which in turn leads to purulent inflammation of all the membranes of the eye and forced removal of the eye. In the last 5 years, corneal sequestration has taken one of the leading places among diseases of the organ of vision in cats, so the search for effective methods of treatment is one of the main issues in veterinary ophthalmology.

Also, it is worth noting that in the course of studying the scientific literature, it was found that there were no works from other authors that directly compared the methods of treatment presented in my work.

The aim of our study was to compare two treatments for corneal sequestration in cats.

This article presents two methods of treating corneal sequestration in cats of various breeds: conservative and surgical. The clinical manifestations of corneal sequestration in cats are presented. The therapeutic efficacy of conservative treatment was studied. The description and effectiveness of the surgical method is given. In a comparative analysis of two options for treatment tactics in cats with corneal sequestration of the cornea, the surgical method of treatment is the most effective and radical, in comparison with the conservative one. First of all, this was due to the fact that the animals showed a complete restoration of visual ability, as well as a decrease in the risks of complications and relapses.

To date, the study of the process of cell proliferation in organs and tissues, as well as the possibility of its stimulation is very important in many types of pathology. Primary damage to somatic cell types in the glomerular apparatus of the kidneys is associated with various pathologies. Damaged endothelial and mesangial cells are restored due to the proliferation of neighboring cells. To study the reparative processes in the renal corpuscles, the change in the number of Ki-67+ cells was assessed. Ki-67 is expressed in the cell nucleus at all stages of the cell cycle, except for G0. Therefore, the number of Ki-67+ cells reflect proliferative activity. The search for new ways to stimulate organ regeneration and methods for its evaluation is an important direction. When evaluating the Ki -67 protein in the cells of the renal corpuscles, three types of expression are distinguished: granular, diffuse, and granular-diffuse. We found that an increased (by 40.21%) number of Ki-67+ cells in the damaged area on the 3rd day indicates active regeneration processes, then from the 6th day the values of this parameter decrease, but still remain higher. than during surgery. We associate such dynamics of changes in the studied parameter with alteration and active inflammatory processes localized in this zone. In the zone without damage, we noted a wave-like dynamics of changes in the number of Ki-67+ cells in the renal corpuscles in the zone without damage with 2 periods of increase (on the 3rd and 18th days) and a decrease to the values obtained during the operation by 60 -m days. We believe that this indicates an early (3rd day) regenerative activity of cells, as well as the process of tissue remodeling. Our results can help improve the diagnosis and treatment of animals with kidney pathologies.

Patellar luxation (PL) is a surgical pathology of the knee joint, the lack of timely correction of which can lead to the development of comorbid arthropathies associated with joint instability. There are several PL correction surgical methods, the most widely used of which is the transposition of tibial tuberosity combined with trochleoplasty. However, trochleoplasty requires dissection of the joint capsule, which increases surgical trauma, is associated with damage to articular cartilage, because of which the recovery period is prolonged, and the number of postoperative complications increases. Therefore, it is essential that the surgeon determines whether this surgical trauma is necessary. The aim of our study was to determine the value of the P-STOF index (Patella— Sulcus trochleae ossis femoris) in dogs, in which it is necessary to perform trochleoplasty. During the study, 15 cadavers of dogs weighing up to 12 kg were used (mean weight ±SD: 4.7±3.7 kg). The knee joint area radiography in tangential and mediolateral projections was performed on 30 unpaired pelvic limbs of cadavers of dogs to the depth of the femoral trochlear groove (Sulcus trochleae ossis femoris — STOF) and the craniocaudal thickness of the patella. After that, the joints were opened, and measurements were carried out using an electronic caliper. It was found that reliable results are obtained by measuring the depth of STOF by radiographs in the tangential projection and by measuring the craniocaudal thickness of the patella by radiographs in the mediolateral projection. The mean patella thickness to femoral trochlea depth ratio in dogs without knee arthropathies was 3.1±0.2 (the standard error of the mean is indicated) (95% CI 2.7–3.5) and 4.0±0.3 (95% CI 3.4–4.5) in dogs with identified knee arthropathies. Therefore, when the P-STOFF index value is more than 3.4, trochleoplasty is recommended, since this value represents the lower limit of the confidence interval in dogs with arthropathies.

The dog is the most common type of pet. These are companion animals, shepherd dogs, and service animals, that is, they can perform many different functions, improving and simplifying human life. In turn, owners should closely monitor the health of their pet, including the reproductive system. Sterilization of female small domestic animals, including bitches, is an urgent issue of controlling their numbers, as well as preventing pathologies of their reproductive system. Currently, there are several basic techniques for performing ovariohysterectomy in bitches, namely, the ligation of ovarian vessels, their electrocoagulation using a bipolar electrocoagulator, by applying vascular clips. The purpose of this work was to comparatively characterize the methods of ligation of ovarian vessels in female ovariohysterectomy and to search for the most effective, with the least complications and cheaper method of vascular ligation in ovariohysterectomy of service females. Endoscopic sterilization of females is carried out by LigaSure electrofusion (the technology of "soldering" blood vessels with electrosurgical instruments), so this method seems to be relevant when performing laparotomic ovariohysterectomy in bitches. In the course of the research, it was found that the ligation of ovarian vessels using the Ligash electrocoagulator is less traumatic, simpler, and the time of the surgical operation is reduced. During this manipulation, the contact of the surgeon's hands with the abdominal organs of the animal is minimized, which eliminates the occurrence of postoperative infections, tissue injury and pain after sterilization. This technique is carried out without the use of suture material, so there is no risk of complications in the form of its rejection or the development of an adhesive process.

The use of local anesthetics reduces the intensity of pain stimuli during invasive procedures, thereby reducing postoperative pain intensity. The aim of the study was to determine the onset, duration and extent of regional blocks of the infraorbital nerve and its branches performed by injecting lidocaine and lidocaine-bupivacaine mixture into the infraorbital canal in dogs. Ten clinically healthy dogs, selected according to the principle of clinical analogues, were selected for the trial. Under general anesthesia, a pain stimulus was initiated by needle injection from the dorsolateral side into the gingiva of the maxillary canines, maxillary fourth premolars, and second molars. Changes in physiological indices were recorded on the patient's monitor.

Heart rate and respiratory rate were measured. After baseline physiological indices were measured, 1 ml of 2% lidocaine solution was injected into the infraorbital canal (about two-thirds of the canal length) in one group and a mixture of 2% lidocaine and 0.5% bupivacaine (0.5 ml each) in the other group. Data were recorded for 4 hours.

When infraorbital nerve blocks were performed in the first and second experimental groups of animals, anesthesia of the maxillary canine on the anesthetized side was achieved in 5 and 10 minutes, respectively. But nerve blocks of the fourth premolar and second molar were successful only in 2 dogs of the first group and 1 dog of the second group, respectively. The average duration of nerve block for the maxillary canine was 110 and 203 minutes after injection of lidocaine and lidocaine-bupivacaine mixture, respectively.

Performing an infraorbital nerve block, as was done in this study, successfully blocks the innervation of the maxillary canine, but the results of nerve analgesia of the fourth premolar and second molar were inconsistent. This specific technique should not be used when extracting teeth caudal to the maxillary canine.

This article describes the using of thermal imaging examination in orthotopic liver transplantation in inbred rats. For the experiment, 40 inbred rats of the Vistar line were selected: 20 females, weighing 400–550 g, 20 males, weighing 600–750 g, about a year old. For comparison, we identified the control group, which underwent only an incision of the skin and muscles of the abdominal wall, and then closed the surgical wound, experimental group No. 1, in which the left lateral lobe of the liver was excluded from the bloodstream to create a model of graft ischemia, and experimental group No. 2 who underwent orthotopic transplantation. All manipulations were performed under anesthesia, in compliance with the rules of asepsis and antisepsis. Thermal imaging examination was carried out with a medical thermal imager model ULIRvision Ti120 before the operation, then on the first, third, fifth, seventh day after. When comparing the thermograms of rats from the experimental group No. 2 and the control group, differences were observed on the 3rd day after the operation, then the temperature in the graft area in the experimental group No. 2 was higher than the temperature of the same skin area in the control group. This may be due to a slight ischemia of the graft during its disconnection from the blood flow, as well as to surgical intervention. After conducting research, we came to the conclusion that on the 3rd day in the transplant area there is a local increase in temperature, which is associated with ischemia of the organ due to temporary blockage of blood vessels, which occurs from the moment of explantation of the liver until its subsequent connection to the bloodstream. Rats in which this process affects 33% of the liver die on the first day from developing fulminant sepsis.

Female ovariohysterectomy is one of the most common surgical interventions aimed at preventing diseases of the reproductive system and regulating the number, incl. in neglected animals. This is an abdominal operation that can be performed by various techniques. Complications after ovariohysterectomy occur infrequently, incl. reminant ovary syndrome is extremely rare.

According to the results of numerous studies, bitches and cats are preferably spayed before the first estrus. Thus, reducing the risk of neoplasms of the breast, ovaries and uterus.

The aim of our study was to determine the incidence of ovarioreminant syndrome in bitches after ovariohysterectomy/ovariectomy and to work out the technique for searching for residual/ectopic ovarian tissues.

The study was conducted from 01.12.2020 to June 2022 in the conditions of the network of veterinary clinics "Alisavet" in Moscow. The object of the study were 557 clinically healthy females over the age of 8 months of various breeds. Castration was performed by standard laparotomy and endoscopically. Each dog underwent preoperative blood tests (general and biochemical tests), ultrasound of the genitourinary system, ECHO-KG, and an electrocardiogram was also performed for large animals.

A day after surgery, ultrasound was performed using the Mindray Vetus 7 machine to check for early postoperative complications, ECHO-CG was also performed using the Mindray Vetus 7. An electrocardiogram was recorded using the Neurosoft Polyspectre 8/B. Calculation of parameters of the general blood test was carried out on the analyzer Mindray BC-2800 Vet, biochemical blood parameters - on the biochemical analyzer Fujifilm Dri-chem NX500i or in the laboratories of Mos-cow (Mitrokhina laboratory, Vetunion). All the results obtained during the research were processed statistically using Microsoft Excel.

Muscles are the most important executive organs - effectors. Both according to morphological and functional characteristics, muscles are divided into two types - striated and smooth. Striated muscles, in turn, are usually divided into skeletal and cardiac. Striated muscles form the motor apparatus of the skeleton, oculomotor, chewing and other motor systems in animals. The striated muscles, with the exception of the heart muscle, are completely controlled by the central nervous system, they are devoid of automatism.

The problem of damage to skeletal muscles is very relevant and widespread. These injuries disrupt the musculoskeletal function of animals, up to its complete loss. To search for methods for restoring the structure and function of muscles, experiments are being carried out on laboratory animals. This article is devoted to the selection of the optimal model of skeletal muscle injury, performed on laboratory rats. The study was conducted on Wistar rats. The choice of the muscle on which the models will be worked out, as well as the surgical access to it, is substantiated. Three options for inflicting damage to muscle tissue (cut wounds directed parallel to muscle fibers; cut wounds directed across muscle fibers; crushed wounds of muscle tissue) and the timing of healing of these injuries are proposed. The result of the study showed that the gastrocnemius muscle is the most suitable for modeling damage to muscle tissue in rats, and a crushed wound has the longest healing time.

The paper presents the results of a clinical and experimental study to determine the clinical efficacy of surgical treatment of animals with pulmonary artery valve stenosis using balloon plasty. The study was retrospective, animals were evaluated from 2018 to 2020, and the morphofunctional state of the cardiovascular system was assessed before and after surgery. The total sample consisted of 15 animals. Diagnosis of this defect was performed auscultatively and by echocardiography [ultrasound]. On auscultation systolic murmur was heard in all animals. Echocardiography evaluated the geometry and function of the right heart, as well as velocity and gradient on the pulmonary artery valve. All animals were diagnosed with congenital heart defect: pulmonary artery valve stenosis. After diagnosis, each dog underwent balloon plasty of the pulmonary artery valve. No animal died during and after surgical intervention. All animals were discharged on the day of surgery for outpatient treatment. There were no postoperative complications. Maintenance and feeding remained unchanged at all times. All animals became more active after the operation, clinical signs of the disease, if any, were resolved or reduced markedly. One month later, repeated echocardiography was performed to evaluate the pulmonary artery valve velocity and gradient. In one animal we observed increased flow velocity on the pulmonary artery valve, which was associated with increased systolic function after surgery. In the remaining dogs, a decrease in velocity and pressure gradient at the pulmonary artery valve was noted.-

The present study was carried out to evaluate an innovative veterinary catheter for cystostomy that we have developed for small pets, while the technique is for the management of clinical cases of obstructive urolithiais, this operation including the new catheter is devoted to emergency and usual cases in order to minimize most frequent complications engender by other catheters and other procedures that are the most widely used in veterinary practice with urinary obstruction. Fifteen cats aged between 1 and 18 years formed the material of the study. Undoubtedly all animals were diagnosed with a complicated course of urolithiasis with complete urinary tract obstruction. Diagnosis of the disease was made based on anamnesis data besides to physical and ultrasonographic examinations, and equally important, urine and blood tests were also done. The confirmed cases of obstructive urolithiasis were handled via surgery, where the proposed catheter for cystostomy was used rather than other types of catheters which are the most commonly utilised in these cases. The surgical techniques was assessed on the basis of clinical parameters, blood and urine analysis, postoperative complications, furthermore and above all, the success level. After the operations the method has successfully removed the symptoms of urinary tract obstruction, haematobiochemical alterations returned to normalcy and the survival rate was complete.

Today, in the work of a veterinarian, patients with foreign bodies that penetrate the gastrointestinal tract are not uncommon. This problem deserves special attention, as it leads to serious complications. When choosing the tactics of treating patients with foreign bodies, namely, when a foreign body is in the gastrointestinal tract, the choice of conservative or surgical treatment depends on many factors: localization, size, number of foreign bodies, their shape, etc.

One of the factors in favor of surgical treatment is the size of the foreign body, as well as its location. The article presents material on trauma to the gastrointestinal tract and its obstruction when foreign objects are swallowed by pets. To make an accurate diagnosis and exclude similar pathologies, diagnostic studies were carried out - X-ray and ultrasound diagnostics, analysis of hematological parameters. Ultrasound diagnostics revealed a thickened wall of the ileum, in the lumen of which was the contents. Based on the diagnostic measures, a laparotomy was performed, during which inflammatory processes were detected in the mesentery, lymph nodes, the ileocecal valve area and in the ileum filled with fodder masses with fragments of foreign bodies protruding to the surface. During laparotomy, overgrowth of the ileocecal valve was visualized, which was the rationale for its resection. But due to the duration of exposure of a foreign object to the gastrointestinal tract and surrounding tissues, irreversible changes occurred in the animal's body, which led to irreversible disorders.

Diabetic cataracts are common in diabetic dogs and lead to blindness and lens-induced uveitis, the complications of which may lead to the need to remove the eyeball. The objectives of this study were to provide a clinical and ophthalmological characteristics of diabetic cataract in dogs, to describe pre-, intra- and postoperative complications of diabetic cataract phacoemulsification in dogs, and to identify relationships between different parameters of phacoemulsification, types of complications, and outcomes of treatment for diabetic cataract in dogs. The study included 22 dogs of various breeds with diabetes mellitus complicated by bilateral mature cataract, all animals underwent a complete ophthalmological examination, including biomicroscopy, ophthalmotonometry, examination of chromatic pupillary reflexes, ultrasound examination of the eyeball, and uni- or bilateral cataract phacoemulsification. In the course of the study, it was found that diabetic cataract in dogs develops on average 3.4 ± 2.9 months from the moment the patient has diabetes mellitus, is characterized by the formation of cracks in the anterior lens suture (77%), the average lens thickness is 0.82 ±0.16 cm, lens -induced uveitis. Preoperative complications included: aqueous flare, posterior capsular rupture, capsular fibrosis, and lens subluxation. Intraoperative complications: the release of liquefied cortex into capsulorhexis, are widespread (75%). The most common postoperative complications of diabetic cataract include POH (16.7%) and corneal dystrophy (13.9%). Correlation analysis revealed the relationship between the time to surgery, various parameters of the operation and types of complications, preoperative complications, in particular, spontaneous rupture of the posterior capsule, small lens thickness, and intraoperative complications are associated in this study with a negative outcome in terms of vision.

In connection with the development of equestrian sports, the proportion of traumatic injuries of the musculoskeletal system of sports horses is also increasing. In the working activity of a modern veterinary specialist, visual research methods should have certain qualities, namely: they should be small in size for ease of transportation to various points in the city or region, easy to apply in practice, and also qualitatively visualize the location of the pathological focus. That is why the search for the most effective method of visual diagnosis of diseases accompanied by injuries of the musculoskeletal system is an important direction in scientific research. To conduct this study, 10 dressage horses with traumatic injuries of the superficial flexor of the thoracic limbs were examined in the conditions of equestrian complexes in the Leningrad Region. Conducted a study on the information content of various diagnostic methods, in particular thermographic, ultrasound and radiological. Comparing the degree of information content of modern methods, we can conclude that for an accurate diagnosis and a complete analysis of traumatic injuries, it is necessary to use various methods of visual diagnostics. Improvement of known methods, in particular, such as infrared thermography, will make it possible to identify injuries of the musculoskeletal system of horses at the early stages of the development of the disease, immediately before the onset of clinical signs, and to monitor changes in dynamics for the selected treatment regimen. Accordingly, timely diagnosis and prognosis of injuries remains an open topic for research in the scientific activities of veterinarians, therefore, we consider the search for new methods that meet the criteria used to identify several groups of diseases at once is relevant and significant.

This paper presents the results of the use of collapan-L and thymogen, as well as their combinations, on the processes of reparative osteogenesis in experimental femur fractures in rats. It was found that their use significantly reduced the negative impact of the fracture on the main markers of bone metabolism - calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase. The most significant changes were recorded in the fourth group, where we used the combined treatment of drugs, an immunostimulator immediately after surgery for a course of 5 days. The results of X-ray and histological studies also indicate more active processes of osteogenesis and reparative regeneration of bone tissue in the fourth experimental group. Thus, on the 45th day after surgery, the callus was homogeneous, the fracture line was barely visible. In addition, a higher proportion of bone and a low content of connective tissue at the fracture site were noted compared to other groups of animals. Thus, in comparison to the control group of animals, the content of bone tissue in the fourth experimental group is higher by 8.86%, and the connective tissue is lower by 46.06%. The results obtained in determining the strength of bone to mechanical stress also indicate that the most effective method for stimulating reparative osteogenesis in fractures is the combined use of collapan-L and thymogen, starting immediately after surgery for five days. Thus, on the 45th day after surgery, the strength of the femur in the fourth group reached 53.02% of the intact level, which was 9.39% higher than the control values.