Modern methods of nanotechnology make it possible to transform macro- and micro-objects into ultrafine particles (UFP), while the process itself is accompanied by a change in the chemical and physical properties of the base material. Naturally, the biological activity of complexes of UHF microelements will differ from that of individual UHFs. In this regard, the purpose of our study was to study the dependence of the biological activity of the UHF copper + zinc complex on their physicochemical characteristics.
Analysis of the data obtained allowed us to state that sample «C» had a high level of toxicity of the studied samples of UHF against the strain E. coli E. coli K12 TG1 pF1. Further, according to the observed effect, sample A was noted, while the effect of exposure to the studied UHF was dose- and time-dependent.
As a result, the data obtained on the basis of the reaction of strains E. coli pSoxS::lux and E. coli pKatG-lux, the induction of luminescence of which is associated with the development of oxidative stress in cells, on the action of the studied samples of the copper+ zinc complex, made it possible to form a sample with the maximum effect «C». Further, according to the degree of development of the toxic effect, samples «B» and «A» decreased in the series. At the same time, the interpretation of the results of the response of the E. coli pRecA -lux strain, the induction of which is caused by DNA damage in cells, forms a different series of specificity: the greatest effect on bacterial cells among the studied substances, sample B was rendered, while the maximum luminescence amplitude was 70 units at 0.002 M, and the sensitivity threshold was at a concentration of 0.0004 M.
Based on the data obtained, in our study, the degree of biological activity of UHF for a living system was determined by a combination of a number of physicochemical parameters: shape, phase composition, and specific surface area

For causative agents of purulent-septic processes in animals, the following features are characteristic: polytropism, polyetiology, polyhostality, plasticity and polyadaptation
The purpose of the study was to rank clinically significant pathogens of purulentseptic processes in animals in veterinary practice.
Methods. Based on the results for the period 2021-2022, we conducted bacteriological studies of 87 biomaterial samples from sick dogs and cats with skin lesions (abscesses, wounds), otitis media, cystitis, rhinitis, as well as from the corpses of puppies at the age of 3 days.
Identification of streptococci and enterococci to species was carried out using the test system: STREPTOtest 24 (Erba Lachema, Czech Republic) and api 20 Strep (BIOMERIEUX, France), api 20 E and Rapid 20 E (BIOMERIEUX) were used to identify enterobacteria. ”, France), Nefermtest 24 (“Erba Lachema”, Czech Republic) was used to identify gram-negative non-fermenting bacteria.
Results. 100 isolates were isolated from dogs with purulent-inflammatory processes, among which 18% are gram-negative and 82% are gram-positive microorganisms.

With the development of human society, the intensification of agricultural production, climatic changes, environmental pollution, which negatively affect human and animal health, significant changes are taking place in the micro-world. The experience of infectionists show that the most effective way of protection against bacterial, as well as many viral and parasitic diseases, are antibiotics and vaccines.
The article provides an overview of immunobiological remedies of veterinary medicine - whole-corpuscular, subunit, genetically engineered, vector and DNA vaccines, vaccines based on virus-like particles and transgenic plants. Whole–body vaccines are live and inactivated biological products, consisting of bacteria or viruses, that retain their integrity during the manufacturing process. Subunit vaccines consist of fragments of infectious disease pathogens capable of providing a specific immune response against a specific pathogen. The technology of manufacturing vector genetically engineered vaccines is based on the use of the virus as a vector for the transfer of genes of protective antigens of other viruses. A gene of the virus of interest is inserted into the genome of the avirulent virus, encoding an antigen that causes an immune response in the vaccinated organism. The avirulent virus modified in this way is used as a live viral vaccine. For the prevention of viral and bacterial diseases in veterinary practice, currently, the advantage is still given to live and inactivated whole-cell biologics, which have a full set of antigens and create intense immunity against infections. The last is the promising direction is the work on the design of genetically engineered vector and DNA vaccines.

The importance and necessity of confirming the diagnosis of tick-borne borreliosis (Lyme disease) in dogs at the initial stages is due to the possibility of timely prescribing specific treatment and reducing the recovery time of animals. In the conditions of a veterinary clinic in St. Petersburg, tick-borne borreliosis was diagnosed in dogs, taking into account the parasitism of ixodid ticks, erythema at the site of their attachment, depression, lowgrade fever, anorexia, lameness, paraplegia, and confirmed by the PCR. In dogs of one of the experimental groups, after removing the ticks, the Borrelia Test test system was used to detect the pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi. Dogs were treated with tertacycline preparations - "Doxycycline", "Doxyfin" and fluoroquinolones - "Enroflaxocin". It was found that the oral administration of drugs "Doxycycline" and "Doxyfin" to dogs at the rate of 10 mg / kg of animal weight, 1 time per day, for 28 days is equally effective in Lyme disease. The alternation of the use of bacteriostatic antibiotics of the tetracycline series and fluoroquinolones has a greater therapeutic efficacy compared to the use of only drugs of the tetracycline group. The use of drugs "Enroflaxocin" and "Doxycycline" reduced the recovery time of animals to three weeks compared to 28 days when animals were treated only with tetracycline antibiotics. The early timing of the detection of borrelia in ixodid ticks made it possible to timely prescribe treatment to animals. In dogs of this group, it was possible to avoid the development of a severe course of tick-borne borreliosis, accompanied by a long period of fever, the development of signs of anorexia, depression, lameness, and the use of drugs from the fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines groups reduced the recovery time of animals to two weeks

Salmonellosis is one of the most widespread zoonoses. Control of salmonellosis is becoming a matter of great importance as the number of cases of Salmonella infection increases, new Salmonella serovars emerge and the bacteria contaminate food products and environment easily. Salmonella infantis is one of the most common serovars among those isolated recently from poultry products and meat products and that translates into need to develop new and effective treatment methods concerning infection caused by this serovar. In the present publication we study the comparative effectiveness of different antimicrobials selected for therapy of chicks, which have been experimentally infected with Salmonella infantis. For the experiment we employed as many as 275 Hisex Brown chicks which we had divided into 11 groups (n = 25 in each group). We administered the drugs via drinking water at a concentration 200 mg/L for 5 days. The treatment began 24 hours before the challenge. On the second day of life the chicks were challenged by intraperitoneal injection with 1.5 x 10^8 CFUs of one-day old agar culture of S. infantis in 0.5 mL isotonic saline (1 McFarland). The observation period in the experiment was 15 days following the drug withdrawal. The study of comparative effectiveness of aforementioned drugs for treatment of chicks, infected with S. infantis, demonstrated the highest therapeutic effectiveness of fluoroquinolone class of antimicrobials. The survival rate for the chicks, receiving enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, was 96 %. The survival rate for the chicks, receiving ofloxacin per os, was 92 %. Tilmicosin and chloramphenicol showed lower therapeutic effectiveness, 44 % and 36 % respectively. When we used tylosin, amoxycillin, doxycycline or apramycin, the results were at their worst as the mortality rate of the chicks was 80-96 %.

The last large-scale study of the parasite fauna of cats and dogs in St. Petersburg was carried out by Prozorov A.M. However, since then, according to sociological surveys, the number of animals in large cities of Russia has increased significantly, and no new studies on parasitic diseases of carnivores have been conducted. As the number of pets increases, so does the parasite population. Of particular danger are zoonotic invasions, in particular toxocariasis, dipilidiosis and toxoplasmosis. In the process of studying the species composition of parasites of carnivores, material from 608 animals from a number of districts of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region was examined. As a result, the extensiveness of invasion in carnivores was established, which amounted to 23.7% (in cats 11.5%, in dogs - 12.2%). Cat toxocariasis is registered in every district and is in first place in terms of frequency of occurrence, with the exception of the Kalininsky district of St. Petersburg. The most common infestation of dogs, as well as in cats, in all the studied areas was toxocariasis, the prevalence of invasion of which in animals from centers for helping homeless animals and owners is 26.5% and 7.7%, respectively, which contributes to the contamination of the environment with toxocara eggs. Dipylidiasis is rare in carnivores (extensiveness of invasion was 0.2%) but has not been completely ruled out. The analysis led to the conclusion that the danger of infection with zoonotic invasions is preserved, therefore, it is necessary to carry out timely fight against diseases and carnivorous people, both in the centers for helping homeless animals, and in the owners of dogs and cats. It is also necessary to increase the level of people's knowledge about parasites, methods of infection and prevention, most common in humans and animals, invasive infections.

The problem of trichinosis on the territory of the Far East has a pronounced natural focal character with the predominant circulation of the causative agent of trichinosis in wild animals. The main species circulating in the Amur Region is the capsule- forming species T. spiralis. The ability to form capsules is one of the biological features of Trichinella larvae and a necessary component of the process of their survival. The thickness of the walls of the capsule gradually increases while the larva and intracapsular muscle sarcoplasm with nuclei remain alive. At the same time, the morphological variability of Trichinella capsules under the influence of many ecological and biological factors was noted.
The goal is to determine the morphological features of the capsules of Trichinella larvae in wild animals in the Amur region.
We conducted studies of the muscle tissues of wild animals by the method of compressor trichinelloscopy and the method of digestion in artificial gastric juice, according to MUK 4.2.2747-10 "Methods of sanitary and parasitological examination of meat and meat products" to determine the presence of Trichinella larvae. To establish the morphological features, the length and width of the capsules, the thickness of the capsule wall from the sides and at the poles, and the thickness of the larva itself were determined using an eyepiece micrometer. The capsule shape index (V) was calculated as the ratio of the diameter to its length (V=D/L). The shape of capsules of Trichinella larvae in different species of wild animals was determined. The relationship between the morphological parameters of the capsule of the larvae of Trichinella has been established. Indicators of the thickness of the wall of the capsule from the sides and the thickness of the wall of the capsule at the poles can be used to determine the age of Trichinella larvae.

Due to the ability of ixodid ticks to transmit pathogens transovarially and transphasically, natural foci of dangerous diseases are formed, which is important for preventive measures. Of particular danger are foci of diseases that have formed on the territory of settlements. The aim of our study was to determine the therapeutic efficacy of the insectoacaricidal drug for veterinary use "OKVET Tabs Express for dogs". In the period from June 24 to August 27, 2022, the study drug was tested on 28 dogs of both sexes with a confirmed diagnosis of ixodidosis aged from 10 months to 10 years in the farms of the Meghri district of the Syunik region of the Republic of Armenia. The species affiliation of ticks found in the studied dogs was determined jointly with the specialists of the Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology of the Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia using determinants. According to the results of the experiment, it was found that 40% of all ixodid ticks found on dogs were R. turanicus Pomerantsev 1936, and ticks R. sanguineus Latreille, 1806 and H. scupense Schulze, 1919 were found in 30% of cases. After a single oral administration of the drug, we did not observe the presence of ticks in animals during daily examination for 65 days. In animals during the entire experiment, no deviations from physiological norms and anxiety were found, signs of allergic and other visible side effects were not detected

Modern technologies of cattle breeding imply the maximum use of the productive potential of animals, the realization of which is hindered by various diseases, one of which is genital mycoplasmosis. According to domestic and foreign scientists, this disease is quite widespread in livestock enterprises. Considering that mycoplasmosis is characterized by a long latent period, its diagnosis is associated with a number of difficulties, therefore, a significant role belongs to the diagnostic aspects of immuno-metabolic changes occurring in the body. In addition, it is necessary for the development of rational therapy. We have studied the effect of tulatromycin therapy in patients with genital mycoplasmosis of cows on the content of total protein, absolute and relative content of albumins and globulins, immunoglobulins and their classes in blood serum. For the experiment, 3 groups of animals were formed: the first - cows with mycoplasmosis (without treatment); the second - cows with mycoplasmosis, for the treatment of which tulatromycin was used; the third – clinically healthy cows (control). The results of studies have shown that the use of tulatromycin in this disease leads to the recovery of 75% of infected animals. significant redistribution of the content of immunoglobulins in the blood serum of cows. An increase in the content of Ig G by 44% and a decrease in the concentration of Ig M and Ig A by 37% and 31.5%, respectively, were found. However, the indicators characterizing the state of protein metabolism, except for the total protein content, did not undergo significant changes

Diseases of bacterial etiology are a serious problem hindering the development of the poultry industry, causing serious economic damage to it.Herein we present the results of studies of the effect that drugs of different antimicrobial groups (ditrim and furazolidone) have on leukogram of Hisex Brown chicks. We studied blood values in 3 groups, group I received pure drinking water, group II received ditrim via drinking water at a concentration of 200 mg/L 10 consecutive days, whereas group III received furazolidone in the same manner. Blood samples were collected at Day 1, Day 3, Day 5, Day 7 and Day 9 after the drug withdrawal. We performed leukocyte count in chick blood in each group, then in blood smears we calculated the number of eosinophils, basophils, pseudoeosinophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. We also calculated percentages of separate white blood cell types in order to perform the white blood cell differential. We discovered that administration of furazolidone via drinking water causes a long-term decrease in leukocyte number while such decrease was not observed following administration of ditrim. Leukopenia was observed in chicks of group III at Day 1, Day 5 and Day 7, their values differing from the control values by 26%, 12% and 25% respectively. Besides the administration of furazolidone via drinking water caused changes in leukogram, manifesting in prolonged dynamics of pseudoeosinophil number and lymphocyte number, and also in transitory change in eosinophil number. We did not observe such effect on blood values following the administration of ditrim to the chicks of Group II, except for transitory eosinopenia at Day 9 of our experiment

The state of the immunobiochemical status of the blood of cows when using a drug containing gm-csf was studied on 15 animals with a hypofunctional state of the ovaries. The animals were divided according to the principle of analogues into three groups. The animals were included in the experiment 45- 60 days after calving without signs of sexual cyclicity. The cows of the first group were injected with a drug based on gm-csf (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor), the cows of the second one - follimag, the third group served as a negative control without the introduction of drugs. Evaluation of the efficacy of the use of gonadotropic and recombinant drugs showed that the use of the agent based on gm-csf turned out to be the most effective in comparison with follimag and the negative control. After the use of the drug of recombinant interferons, the content of circulating immune complexes turned out to be lower by 30.9%, malon dialdehyde - by 17.1%, medium molecular peptides - by 34.9% TNFα - by 21.0%, IL-1β - by 41.1%, IL-2 - by 35.9%, with an increase in serum bactericidal and lysozyme activity by 13.8% and 21.7%, respectively, phagocytic index - by 12.9%, phagocytic number - by 18.4%, progesterone - by 5.09 times, estradiol - by 29.3%, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate - by 78.9%, IL-4 - by 44.6%, IL-10 - by 20.3%, which indicates activation the humoral link of general nonspecific resistance, an increase in the content of anti-inflammatory cytokines, with a decrease in the intensity of lipid peroxidation processes, the level of proinflammatory cytokines against the background of the restoration of the hormoneproducing function of the sex gonads. Changes in the indicators of the immunobiochemical blood status of cows are reflected in the activation of the functional activity of the ovaries, the manifestation of full-fledged sexual cycles by animals and successful insemination.

Gastroenteritis in piglets after weaning is a common disease that significantly reduces feeding efficiency, impairs performance and leads to financial losses. In this paper, we have proposed a method for the prevention of gastroenteritis by neutralizing provender lectins with glucosamine (GluA). Lectin proteins are anti-nutritional factors in provender and one of the etiological factors causing gastroenteritis. In our in vitro experiments we found that GluA effectively neutralises provender lectins. Industrial pig farms testing of the use of 0.1 g of GluA per 1 kg of provender to neutralise provender lectins as a means of preventing gastroenteritis showed that GluA effectively reduces the incidence of gastroenteritis and the number of severe cases of the disease. In the experimental groups the disease developed in a later period, when the body is more adapted. The average duration of the disease, nonproductive disposal and the number of relapses were also lower, which demonstrate the high efficiency of GluA application at a dose of 0.1 g per 1 kg of provender for the prevention of gastroenteritis in piglets.

Tests of drugs Florfenicol 40% LLC «AVZ SP » and Florox LLC «NITA PHARM» from the group of fenicols for bacterial respiratory and intestinal infections were carried out on 43 calves 1.5- 3.5 months old in a large dairy complex in the Central District of the Russian Federation.
Based on the results of bacteriological studies before the use of antibiotics Florfenicol 40% and Florox, in lavages from the upper respiratory tract and intestines of calves of experimental and control groups, Corynebacterium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., Micrococcus spp., Moraxella bovis, Pseudomonas spp., Proteus spp., Bordetella bronchiseptica, Neisseria spp., Clostridium spp., Escherichia spp., Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., Serratia spp., Edvardsiella spp., Providencia spp., Salmonella spp., including pathogenic serotypes and bacterial strains.
The results of bacteriological studies of isolated cultures from calves of experimental and control groups after specific therapy showed the absence of pathogenic serotypes and strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp. in swabs from the nasal cavity and rectum, but the presence of non-fermentative forms of Escherichia spp. and other opportunistic bacteria.
Based on the results obtained, it was found that the drug Florfenicol 40% in doses of 1 ml per 20 kg of body weight intramuscularly twice with an interval of 48 hours and 2 ml per 20 kg subcutaneously once has a pronounced activity against aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria. According to the results of hematological and biochemical studies, the antibiotic Florfenicol 40% does not have a negative effect on homeostasis with a positive effect on metabolic processes and a decrease in the activity of acute and chronic inflammation in tissues and organs

The article presents the results of studies on the effect of the preparation "Aspartzinc" on the processes of lipid peroxidation and the activity of the antioxidant system of the pheasant organism. For the prevention of zinc deficiency conditions, various additives are often used recently. One of them is "Aspartzinc", which includes zinc aspartate. The aim of the work was to study the effect of the zinc preparation "Aspartzinc" on the processes of lipid peroxidation and the activity of the antioxidant defense system of the pheasant organism. The studies were carried out on pheasants of the North Caucasian breed. The birds were kept under the conditions of the State Budgetary Institution JSC "Directorate of the Southern Specialized Protected Areas and GOOH" Astrakhanskoye ". It has been established that the Asparzinc drug has an antioxidant effect and inhibits the processes of lipid peroxidation in the body of pheasants. It was found that after the administration of "Asparzinc" at doses of 1 mg/kg (experimental group 1) and 2 mg/kg (experimental group 2), the concentration of DC in the blood serum of pheasants decreased by 8.9% and 16.4%, respectively, relative to the initial values. The concentration of MDA in the tissues of the lungs also decreases by 14.6% (experimental group 1) and 13.5% (experimental group 2) and in the tissues of the pectoral muscle by 14.6% (dose 1 mg/kg) and 13.5% (dose 2 mg/kg), respectively, relative to the initial value.
The antioxidant activity of the drug is expressed in an increase in catalase activity in the tissue of the liver, kidney and lungs after the administration of the Asparzinc preparation in birds of the 2nd experimental group, relative to the initial level. In the heart tissue after the introduction of the drug "Aspartzinc" in birds of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups, there was an increase in catalase activity by 9.8% and 14.5%, respectively, relative to the initial level.

In modern clinical veterinary practice, in the overwhelming majority of cases, the diagnosis associated with pathologies of the hepatobiliary system is established on the basis of a combination of clinical, laboratory and instrumental data, which is a rather laborious and cost-intensive process, which makes it relevant to search for new methods with more relevant. Laboratory assessment of the hepatobiliary system has several goals, including: determining the presence of hepatobiliary pathology, determining the presence of liver disease, including primary or secondary hepatitis, determining the definitive type of liver disease, and monitoring response to therapy or disease progression. We have comprehensively analyzed existing studies in the field of using various methods for diagnosing pathologies of the hepatobiliary system, identifying the most promising approaches from the point of view of veterinary hepatology for their further possible introduction into industry practice. The search and processing of scientific publications was carried out according to the recommendations of H. Snyder [10] for writing review articles. An assessment is given to the positive and negative sides of each technique.
Based on the analyzed literature, it can be concluded that, despite the knowledge of the issues of hepatology and the diagnosis of liver diseases, there are gaps and weaknesses in any diagnostic model. Thus, one potential diagnostic model that is promising but little studied is the use of clearance tests. Functional tests allow not only to diagnose and differentiate hepatopathologies, but also to visualize their course and liver recovery.Also, unlike statistical tests, clearance tests allow you to evaluate the work of the liver in dynamics.

Disinfection plays a significant role in the overall complex of antiepizootic measures. In order to provide manufacturers with a high-quality and cost-effective disinfectant in production conditions and in order to determine the optimal disinfection regime, we conducted production tests of the AKVAdez- NUK 5 disinfectant at the veterinary supervision facility for the stable maintenance of cattle in the Kalacheyevsky district of the Voronezh region. During the production tests, the following concentrations of working solutions were studied: 0.1%; 0.25%; 0,5%. The solution was sprayed with a TORNADOSCO/52 foam generator. The consumption rate was determined as 0.35 l/ m2 with an exposure of 30 min. When using 0.1% concentration of the AQUAdez-NUK 5 working solution with an exposure of 30 minutes, growth was recorded in 16 out of 20 samples during the study for E. coli growth. 4 samples taken from concrete surfaces were disinfected. In samples taken from concrete surfaces to determine the growth of S. aureus, the growth of colonies of microorganisms was observed in all flushes. When using 0.25% AQUAdez-NUC 5 solution in the test, in 16 of the 20 flushes selected to determine the growth of E. coli and 14 out of 20 samples on S. aureus, we did not observe the growth of microorganisms. When treating objects of veterinary supervision with 0.5% AQUAdez-NUC 5 solution after 30 minutes of exposure, there was no growth of microorganisms in 100% of the studied samples on both E. coli and S. aureus during crops from flushes from concrete and wooden surfaces. According to the results of disinfection of the surfaces of the livestock premises with respect to E. coli and S. Aureus, the working solution AQUAdez- NUK 5 showed bactericidal activity in 0.5% concentration with a 30-minute exposure at a consumption of 0.35 l/m2

The article presents the materials of biological and chemical-analytical studies of the Shlisselburg Bay of Ladoga lake, that plays an important fishery and sanitary-hygienic role as a source of water supply of St. Petersburg. The dominant role of ichthyo-fauna in the assay of the ecological and toxicological state of the studied water area is shown. The purpose of the conducted research is to assess the ecological and ichthyo - toxicological state of the Shlisselburg Bay of Ladoga lake, as one of the main fishery water areal and the only source of water supply of St. Petersburg (the source of the Neva River). Biological and chemical analytical studies of the water area of the Shlisselburg Bay in laboratory conditions were carried out in the summer-autumn period in 2022 in three water areas. 
A feature of the Shlisselburg Bay is the presence of a runoff flow, that initiates the removal of pollutants and the nature of bottom sediments, which makes the Bay less vulnerable to anthropogenic impact. Currently, the methods used to assess water quality for the fisheries perspective are biological – bioindication and biotesting, as well as the results of chemical analysis in comparison with the standards for the content of harmful substances in water, sediments, precipitation and fish. Preference is given to “express’ methods: biotesting and bioindication of fish research results. Analysis of materials from previous studies have given reason to consider a gradual decrease in anthropogenic load (exposure to pollutants) on fish, as generally recognized indicators of water quality, given from fisheries positions. The results of the research showed that the ecological and toxicological condition of the Shlisselburg Bay has now improved, but cannot be considered satisfactory. Taking into acount the state of the ichthyo fauna and the level of its pollution, it can be characterized as weakly expressed sublethal with a possible transition to medium-expressed, conditionally sublethal in the spring period.

Freshwater fish is one of the most valuable resources of inland waters. Raw fish is a perishable product, therefore, the assessment of product freshness is the most important indicator of its safety. In addition, in relation to freshwater fish, the indicator of parasitic purity is of particular importance, since fish is an intermediate host of pathogens of parasitic diseases transmitted to humans.The studies were carried out in the summerautumn period. The objects of research were samples of chilled freshly caught fish from the southern part of Lake Ladoga. Veterinary and sanitary examination of fish was carried out in accordance with the Veterinary Rules for the appointment and conduct of veterinary and sanitary examination of fish, aquatic invertebrates and fish products from them intended for processing and sale by organoleptic, physicochemical and microscopic methods. Parasitological examination included external examination, parasitological dissection of the fish, examination of muscle tissue by the method of parallel cuts and compressor. As a result, the studied samples were recognized as fresh in terms of organoleptic, physicochemical and microscopic parameters. An external examination of the eyes revealed damage to the lens of the eye by metacercariae of trematodes Diplostomum sp., gill filaments of roach were affected by monogenetic flukes Dactylogyrus sp. Pigmented areas of localization of Posthodiplostomum cuticola metacercariae, the so-called «black-spotted disease», were noted on the surface of the body of fish of the cyprinid family.
During parasitological autopsy and examination of the abdominal cavity, the surface of the internal organs of the bream, the larva of Ligula intestinalis was found, and the plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium latum were found in the caviar of two individuals of the pike. As a result of a compressor study of the muscle tissue of pike, crucian carp, roach, rudd, perch, and bream, Paracoenogonimus ovatus metacercariae were identified. Of the parasites found in the samples of the studied fish, D. latum is of epidemiological significance, the rest of the pathogens are not dangerous to humans, the sanitary assessment of the fish should be given on the basis of the presentation of the product.

An alternative to the use of antibiotics for farm animals are pro- and prebiotics, organic acids and feed additives with vegetable and other ingredients. Of particular interest are complex preparations such as “ENT-OIL Idrorouge HM”. It contains essential oils (cinnamon oil and capsicum oil), citric, formic, propionic and acetic acids. The study object was broiler chickens of cross Ross- 308. The aim was the period of application of the preparation. 3 groups of 60 heads each were formed according to the principle of analogous pairs. The first group of chickens (control) received the basic diet corresponding to the growth stage from birth to the moment of slaughter. The poultry of the experimental groups, in addition to the basal diet, were injected through the drinking system with “ENT-OIL Idrorouge HM” at a dose of 0.5 g per 1 l of water. The second group was injected from the 5th to the 38th day, and the third one was injected from the 23rd to the 29th day. In the blood the growth rate, safety and indicators of nitrogen metabolism (total protein and its fractions, urea, creatinine) were monitored. It was found that the long-term consumption of the additive contributed to the growth of live weight by 5.9% (p<0.05) relative to the control group, and the short-term consumption contributed to the growth by 5.0% (p<0.05). The indicators of nitrogen metabolism during permanent intake of the additive did not have significant reliable differences from the control group, and when short-term feeding, a significant increase in the concentration of urea and creatinine by 17.9% (p<0.05) and 51.3% (p<0.001) was shown by its end (the 29th day). This difference was leveled by the slaughter (the 38th day). The safety of livestock during the experiment was 96.7%, in the first group, 100% in the second experimental group and 98.3% in the third one

Currently, the issue of regulating the safety indicators of feed for productive animals and poultry in terms of technical regulation is in a regulatory vacuum, since the Technical Regulation "On the safety of feed and feed additives" has not been approved. This situation also applies to indicators of the content of toxic elements, which include selenium and heavy metals such as zinc, copper, iron, capable of accumulation in the body and migration through food chains. In connection with the above, the purpose of the research was to monitor and analyze the content of heavy metals and selenium in compound feeds for productive animals and poultry sold on the territory of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region as an indicator of toxicological safety.
As part of the work, 40 samples of mixed feeds of domestic production were examined. The share of the studied compound feeds for pigs and piglets accounted for 50.0%, for broilers and cattle - 25.0% each. At the first stage, sample preparation and mineralization of samples were carried out in a muffle furnace. At the second stage, using the atomic absorption spectrometer Thermo Scientific Solaar S4, the amount of copper, zinc, iron, selenium in the mineralized sample was determined in accordance with the current regulatory documents. At the third stage, the results were analyzed in comparison with the temporary maximum permissible level according to MDU No. 123-4/281- 8-87 "Temporary maximum permissible level (MDU) of the content of certain chemical elements and gossypol in animal feed and feed additives".
The detected concentrations of copper, iron and selenium in the studied samples met the requirements of the current regulatory documentation and did not exceed the established MDU. When determining zinc, it was revealed that 38 samples out of 40 met the requirements of regulatory documentation, in the remaining 2 samples, an excess of MDU was found to be 1.1 and almost 1.5 times, respectively. The obtained results of the monitoring studies allow us to draw a conclusion about the safety of compound feeds in terms of the content of heavy metals and selenium sold on the territory of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region

The main etiological factors for the occurrence of limb diseases in cows were unsatisfactory sanitary and hygienic conditions. At the same time, the incidence of cows with mastitis was 22.8-28.6%. Antiseptics and disinfectants used for the treatment and prevention of such diseases are not effective enough. The purpose of this work was to identify the role and effectiveness of antiseptics and disinfectants of a new generation in the conditions of livestock complexes for the production of milk, as well as during operations on small animals in clinics in St. Petersburg.

The characteristics of the state of the ecosystem of the Lipetsk Region are presented on the basis of official statistical reporting by the Office of Rospotrebnadzor for the Lipetsk Region, the Lipetsk Center for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring - a branch of the Central Chernozem UGMS, the Department of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Lipetsk Region. Environmental problems of the Lipetsk region are associated with pollution of atmospheric air,drinking water, soil, and food products by toxic substances. Sources of environmental pollution are ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry, motor vehicles, agricultural production, including livestock. Anthropogenic anomalies of the habitat are becoming one of the main causes of veterinary problems in modern animal husbandry. The purpose of the study: to assess the state of the ecosystem of the territory of the Lipetsk region, including monitoring of surface watercourses in the area of the city of Lipetsk: the rivers Matyra, Voronezh, Lipovka and the Matyr reservoir. For the analysis of water sources for heavy metal contamination with an atomic absorption spectrometer with electrothermal authorization "MGA-1000". Sampling of natural water was carried out according to GOST 17.1.5.05-85. The volume of the sample taken was 250 ml, the filtrate was preserved with nitric acid. Statistical processing of analytical data was carried out by conventional methods.
Up to 90% of emissions of harmful substances from stationary and mobile sources of pollution are accumulated by soil, from where toxins migrate into water and plants. The content of zinc slightly exceeded the maximum permissible level in 35% of the selected samples, %, manganese - in 32% and aluminum - in 34% of the selected samples. So the highest content of iron and lead was recorded in the river. Voronezh and in the region of Lipetsk, exceeding the MPC by 1.5 times. To a lesser extent, increases in MPC r. Matyr and Matyr-sky reservoir.

Analysis of the functional capacity of the heart of cattle in terms of modern veterinary development makes it possible to predict myocardial abnormalities both in adult animals and in the young cattle obtained from them. The aim of the research was to study functional changes in the myocardium of young cattle with myocardiodystrophy of mother cows. The study was carried out under the conditions of Kostroma region. Two groups of young cattle of the Kostroma breed aged 14-21 days were formed: the 1st experimental group consisted of heifers from clinically healthy mother-cows (without myocardiodystrophy symptoms) (n=15), the 2nd experimental group consisted of heifers from mother-cows with myocardiodystrophy symptoms (n=5). ECG was recorded on a free-standing animal according to the method of modified leads using veterinary electrocardiograph "Poly-Spectr-8/V" (Russia). ECG was recorded in three standard leads - I, II, III, as well as in three enhanced leads from the limbs aVR, aVL, aVF. ECG was used to determine: duration (ms) of intervals P-Q, R-R, Q-T, QRS complex, increase in the duration of the P wave, position of ST segment relative to isoelectric line, orientation and amplitude/voltage of P, Q, R, S, T waves (mV), position of EOS. It was found that heifers obtained from mother-cows with symptoms of myocardiodystrophy had longer P wave, shorter P-Q, R-R intervals, more significant deviations in SP indices, voltages of P, Q, R, S, T waves in comparison with young cows from clinically healthy mothercows. Electrocardiodiagnostics of myocardial state of young animals obtained from mother-cows with symptoms of myocardiodystrophy reveals in heifers the signs of changes in the main myocardial functions - excitability, conductivity, contractility, manifested as reduced wave volts and prolongation of cardiogram intervals, characteristic for ischemic processes in the myocardium

The level of expression of genes of proinflammatory (IL-1α and IL-1β) and antiinflammatory (IL-10) cytokines in the blood of cows was studied on 20 animals, divided according to the principle of analogues into two groups: the first group (n=10) - clinically healthy cows, the second one (n=10) - diagnosed with chronic endometritis. Diagnosis of chronic endometritis was carried out on the basis of the results of transrectal examination and echographic data obtained using a portable ultrasound scanner. The experiment included cows 60 or more days after calving. It has been found that the level of expression of IL-1α, IL-1β in cows with chronic endometritis is by 1.92 and 4.61 times higher, respectively, than in clinically healthy animals, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, on the contrary, is by 118.6 times lower. The dominance of proinflammatory cytokine gene expression over anti-inflammatory ones indicates the development of an inflammatory process in the uterus, which is confirmed by the results of histological studies of endometrial biopsy material. In clinically healthy animals, the integumentary epithelium is lined with cells of a prismatic or cubic shape, the endometrium is slightly infiltrated with neutrophils, lymphocytes and histiocytes. The uterine glands are presented in a significant amount, the glandular cells are integral, prismatic in shape. In the cows with chronic endometritis, desquamation of the integumentary epithelium was diagnosed, the cells of which in most cases are in a state of dystrophy and necrobiosis. The lumen of the uterine glands is narrowed, glandular cells are rejected into the lumen of the glands, which indicates a decrease in the functional activity of the organ. The endometrium looked edematous, abundantly infiltrated, predominantly with neutrophilic leukocytes and, to a lesser extent, with lymphoid cells, indicating the presence of inflammation in the uterine mucosa.

At present, reindeer husbandry, in comparison with other branches of animal husbandry, is still insufficiently developed in the Russian Federation, at the same time, deer farms are a very promising branch of animal husbandry. Further development of this sub-sector is of great importance for the agro-industrial complex of Russia. Since 2021, support for reindeer husbandry has been allocated in a separate direction of subsidies, including for the purchase of breeding breeding stock. Deer eco-farms located near cities have the opportunity to become part of the tourism industry. In addition, animals are a source of valuable products-dietary meat, high-quality leather raw materials, various types of medicines. However, to date, morphological features of deer representatives have been studied extremely insufficiently. This article presents the anatomical features of the flexors of the hip joint in the subspecies of the red deer – spotted deer. In particular, the points of fixation of the large lumbar, lateral and medial heads of the iliac muscle, tailor's and scallop muscles have been clarified. Topical bone landmarks on the pelvic (nameless) and femoral bones that are absent in the available literature have been identified: "medial crest of the iliac wing", "roughness of the short tendon of the tailor's muscle" on the iliac bone; "roughness of the scallop muscle" on the femur. The purpose of this study is to establish anatomical and topographic features of flexor muscles and adductors of the hip joint in the noble spotted deer, to determine the points of their fixation and to assess the functional significance of the studied structures.
The research was carried out at the Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology – MBA named after K.I. Scriabin. The object of the study was a mature noble spotted deer (n=5), selected in the hunting farm of the Moscow region. The methods of fine macro- and microanatomic preparation according to Vorobyov were used, followed by functional analysis of the studied structures and skeletotopic projection of the points of attachment of parts of the muscle. The revealed anatomical features of the studied muscles are the reference in assessing the structural and functional state of the musculoskeletal system of the hip joint in the noble spotted deer.

The high variability of branching of the heart vessels in animals is a proven and irrefutable fact in veterinary morphology. In individuals of the same species and breed, quite high discrepancies can sometimes occur in the topography of the coronary arteries of the heart. When studying the coronary bed of the heart of animals, we recorded a case of the presence of a right-handed type of blood supply in a two-month-old Blackand- White calf in the absence of a left coronary artery. In this regard, we set ourselves the goal of studying the features of the vascularization of the right half of the heart in a two-month-old Black-and-White calf with a right-sided type of blood supply.
To achieve this goal, the heart of the corpse of a two-month-old Black-and-White calf, obtained from a private farm in the Leningrad Region, was studied. The study was conducted at the Department of Animal Anatomy, St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. To study the vascularization of the heart of the studied animal, classical and modern anatomical techniques were carried out, such as fine anatomical preparation, photography, and the manufacture of corrosion preparations using latex.
According to the results of the study, it was found that in the absence of the left coronary artery in the studied two-month-old calf of the Black-and-White breed, the right coronary artery completely and completely compensates for its absence. The presence of the right interventricular artery was established, which has such branches as the artery of the right septomarginal trabecula and atrioventricular branches that supply blood to the tricuspid valve area and the right septomarginal trabeculae of the heart. It was determined that the vessels that vascularize the structures of the right atrium and right ventricle in their topography in the studied individual are inferior in the number of S-shaped bends and sharp corners in comparison with the arteries of the left half of the heart, which can reduce the risk of developing coronary pathologies in the right half of the heart. It was established that the subsinus artery differs from the generally accepted classical topography and plunges into the thickness of the myocardium of the right ventricle and interventricular septum, and practically does not pass as part of the subsinus sulcus.

Yorkshire pigs occupy one of the first places in livestock farms in different parts of the world. This is due to the fact that breeding boars of this breed are widely used by farmers and owners not only of large livestock complexes, but also by private farms for crossing with other breeds of adapted pigs to increase the meat indicators of offspring. Pigs of this breed are very sensitive to sudden changes in ambient temperature, often suffer from overheating or hypothermia, which can affect the health of internal organs and body systems and can lead to diseases of the urinary system in general and in particular the bladder. The purpose of our study is to study the features of the histological structure of the bladder wall in Yorkshire piglets in the age aspect. Cadaver material for the study was delivered to the Department of Animal Anatomy of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of the Russian Academy of Sciences from the Idavang Agro pig breeding complex in Nurma village, Tosnensky district of the Leningrad Region. The study was conducted in three age groups, according to the periodization of pig life: the first stage of development – newborn piglets (1-4 days of the postnatal period); the second stage of development – the first dairy (5-21 days of the postnatal period); the third stage of development – the second dairy (22-45 days of the postnatal period). From the first stage of development, newborn one-day-old piglets were used; from the second stage – animals 10-14 days; from the third – piglets 28-30 days of the postnatal period of ontogenesis. The average body weight of piglets of group 1 is 550 g.; Group 2 is 1800 g.; Group 3 is 3000 g. In total, five piglets were inherited in each age group. The age was determined by the bonus cards and from the words of the chief veterinarian of the farm. To achieve this task, a set of traditional morphological research methods was used: fine anatomical dissection, histological, photographing and morphometry. Histological examination revealed that in Yorkshire piglets, the bladder wall has a typical histological structure and consists of mucous, muscular, and serous membranes. Morphometric indicators of histological structures of the bladder wall were determined and it was concluded that these values of thickness and diameter in males slightly exceed those in females.

Nasua nasua is a representative of the forests of South America, and is also kept as a zoo animal. The animals have a pronounced mobile and long nose, a fluffy long tail, as a means of signaling; strong claws on the pectoral limbs, which serve not only to move through trees, but also to get food. Currently, there are isolated works on the morphology of the abdominal aorta of this type, but no features of the morphology of the heart have been found, which was the purpose of our study. The material was preserved in a 10% formalin solution of the heart, taken in different years from sexually mature noses received from the Irkutsk Zoo Gallery and the Siberian Zoo of Irkutsk. Classical methods of morphological research were used in the work: fine dissection, morphometry of the heart and its structures, description, sketches and photographing. According to the results of the studies, it was found that the average value of the absolute mass of the heart was 18.2 ± 0.33 g, has an ellipsoid shape, and the ratio of the thickness of the ventricles is at the level of 1:2.8. The internal structure of the right atrium is built of five scallop muscles of the 1st order and nine of the 2nd order, and four scallop muscles of the 1st order and eight of the second order participate in the relief of the left atrium. The shape of the auricle at the right atrium of the heart is 1.5 times greater than the value of the left atrium. In the left ventricle of the heart there are three papillary muscles (cranial and two caudal) with 21-24 tendon strings, and in the right ventricle there are six papillary muscles that carry up to 31 tendon strings on their surface. The septomarginal trabecula connects the parietal pedicle of the accessory and the base of the large papillary muscle.

It is well known that the brooding period, the size of the chicks and their maturity during the hatching period are significantly depend on the species of birds and closely related to the genetic factors and environmental conditions. The investigation of embryonic development on the model of poultry hatching eggs is a vivid effective, readily accessible and budget-oriented method. The article presents data on the use of instru ments and equipment (ovarioscope, incubator), characterizes the mode of duck eggs brooding, shows the methods used in the investigation of incubated eggs - ovaroscopy, anatomization and morphometry. The aim of the research was to visualize the embryonal development of ducks and interpret the obtained data. The goals of our research were 1) to obtain daily photos of embryonic development; 2) to describe daily visible changes in development, to weigh and measure the embryos. The pictures of anatomized embryos of Peking meat breed ducks, which obtained by photographing in the period from 1st to 27th days of incubation, are presented in our article. The research shows the formation and increasing in the size of cicatricle in the early stages of incubation in the period from 1st to 4th days of its development and describes the pictures of cardiovascular system formation and the branching of the capillary network from the 4th day of incubation. There are the data on the formation and development of the first rudimentary feathers on the tail on the 10th day, the formation of claws on the 12th day and the formation of egg tooth on the 14th day of incubation. It is established that on the 21st day there is no albumen in the egg and the yolk is becoming compact. On the 22nd day, the yolk begins to retract into the abdominal cavity, on the 25th day, the yolk sac with its contents is retracted into the abdominal cavity by 2/3, the eyes of the embryo begin to open. On the 27th day of incubation, the embryo is formed, the yolk sac is completely retracted into the abdominal cavity, and the eggshell pecking begins. The article presents the data on the morphometry of embryos, showing their mass and length growth during the incubation period

Malnutrition syndrome is widespread in veterinary gastroenterological practice, since most pathologies of the digestive system are accompanied by the development of maldigestion and malabsorption in the intestinal mucosa and the development of a disorder in the subsequent transport of nutrient substrates, detrimental to animal health.Studies have been conducted to study the relationship of the morphofunctional state of the hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal systems in dogs with chronic gastroduodenitis with malnutrition syndrome. Scientific research was carried out during 2022 at the Donskoy State Agrarian University and at the Bely Klyk veterinary clinic (Novocherkassk) as part of a project on scientific research topics included in the scientific work plans of scientific organizations and educational institutions of higher education that carry out scientific research at the expense of federal budget "Development of a comprehensive algorithm for diagnosing and correcting disorders of the hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal systems in dogs with malnutrition" (state registration number 122030200112-4). It was revealed that malnutrition syndrome is widespread in gastroduodenal pathology in dogs, causing weight loss, development of metabolic disorders and worsening the prognosis of the underlying disease. As a result of biochemical studies of the blood of sick animals with chronic gastroduodenitis with malnutrition syndrome, a disorder of proteinenergy and water-electrolyte metabolism, as well as liver dysfunction with the development of oxidative stress of hepatocytes, was established. The presence of a relationship between the level of morphofunctional disorders of the hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal systems in chronic gastroduodenitis in dogs, accompanied by a violation of the absorption and digestion of nutrient substrates in the intestinal mucosa, was revealed. The results obtained in the framework of this study increase the usefulness of the examination of animals and the validity of the clinical diagnosis, as well as form promising directions for the scientific search for more effective means of preventing and treating gastrointestinal diseases.

The relationship of polymorphic variants of MSTN, CAST, PRLR genes with working qualities and body types of Vyatka horses was studied. The purpose of the research is to assess the genetic and breeding potential of the Vyatka breed horses, as well as to study the relationship between the MSTN, CAST, PRLR genotypes and the economically useful qualities of horses. The method of DNA extraction from Vyatka horse hair follicles using ExtraGene DNA Prep. was applied. When scanning the mutations in the loci MSTN (n=43), CAST (n=41) and PRLR (n=41), DNA amplification the method of allele-specific PCR was performed. The frequency of alleles and genotypes was calculated using MS Excel 10. As a result of research, the dependence of Vyatka horses working qualities on the frequency of occurrence of myostatin MSTN alleles (g.66493737 T>C) was noted. The horses with a higher occurrence of the MSTN/C allele have more productive movements than the individuals with the T/T genotype typical for aborigines. Vyatka horses with the T/T genotype are more versatile, and also show better results in sledding, while the horses with the T/C genotype are better under saddle. The horses with the T/T genotype have the highest bony index but the lowest massiveness index. The MSTN T/T (0.581) homozygous genotype for the "wild" allele predominates in Vyatka horses. A relation ship between body types and the calpastatin gene (CAST) has been revealed for the first time in horse breeding. The horses with the G/A genotype turned out to be the most massive and bony, the horses with the A/A genotype were lighter, the highest frequency of occurrence of the CAST G/A genotype (0.463) was noted, the CAST G/G genotype is rare in the breed (0.171). A relationship between the frequency of occurrence of prolactin receptor genes (PRLR) and body types of horses was not found. The frequency of occurrence of PRLR C/C (0.366) and PRLR G/C (0.390) genotypes is approximately identical, the PRLR G/G genotype is less common (0.244). The study of genes associated with economically useful qualities in all breeding stallions will enable to conduct more efficient breeding, using the desired genotypes, which is important for small breeds.

The article deals with the issues of etiology, clinic, prevention and biochemical parameters of blood in yaks with the presence of hoof pathologies kept in various pastures: highlands and valleys. The studies were carried out on 30 (n=30) yaks with hoof pathologies kept in Ovyursky (n=15) and Mongun- Taiginsky (n=15) regions of the Republic of Tajikistan in 2021-2022. In animals with clinically pronounced pathologies, blood samples were taken for biochemical studies. The following parameters were taken into account: ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin, globulin, creatinine, urea, calcium, phosphorus. The nature of pathological changes in the distal parts of the limbs is influenced by the sharply continental climate of the Republic of Tatarstan, a sharp change in the ground for a short time, rocky or swampy terrain. The anatomical features of the structure of the hooves are determined by the environmental conditions and the features of the static and dynamic functions of the limbs under these conditions. Compared to cattle, the horny wall of the hooves is up to 8 mm thick, the angles of the toes are more obtuse, the shape of the hoof is rounded with a horseshoe-shaped protrusion. The main pathologies of the hooves in animals kept on soft ground are deformations of the hoof horn in the form of acute-angled and curved ones. On rocky ground there are a large number of cracks and clefts concentrated on the heel parts of the wall. The consequences of injuries are inflammatory processes of an acute and chronic nature: aseptic diffuse laminitis (namins) localized on the side walls of the pelvic limbs in the area of the heels and the toe part of the sole of the chest limbs. A large number of diffuse purulent pododermatitis was found in the course of regeneration and completion of the formation of a double wall. Biochemical parameters of yak blood are characterized by an increase in the level of alanine aminotransferase, total protein, alkaline phosphatase, which is due to pathological changes in the musculoskeletal system.

The study of the mammalian skin reveals a wide range of adaptations of animals and their organs to various conditions of existence.
The aim of the work is to establish, on the basis of factual material, the morphological and functional features of the skin of wild boars (Sus scrofa scrofa (Linnaeus 1758)) in conditions of adaptation to adverse natural and climatic factors.
The skin samples of 6 adult individuals (males) of wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) caught in the autumn-winter period were studied. The morphometric parameters of the skin layers and their components were measured, based on the primary data, the total thickness of the skin and epidermis, the ratio of the outer and inner layers of the epidermis were calculated. The established absolute values of indicators (microns) were converted into relative values (%), the ratio of the stratum corneum and the underlying rows of the epidermis was found. The results obtained were processed using the Statistica (6.0) software package.
In the studied animals, the skin is quite thick, with a wide variability of the indicator. We noted a well-developed epidermis in the skin of wild boars, its thickness averaged 72.99 microns. The stratum corneum, on average, reached a thickness of 36.13 microns (44.75-56.65% of total epidermis thickness), with a low level of variation (8.58%), which may be genetically deter mined. The dermis of the wild boars’ skin is well developed; it consists of densely packed, medium-sized bundles of collagen fibers that form ties with a heterogeneous binding, which indicates a high density and strength of the skin under mechanical stress and, possibly, is associated with sexual characteristics (the ability of the skin to withstand blows during fights) . Inclusions of adipose tissue were found in the lower layers of the dermis.
The sebaceous glands are large, well developed, actively functioning in winter (as evidenced by the lipid mantle of the stratum corneum). A significant level of group variation was established, due to the wide individual variability of the indicators of functionally active structures (skin glands) in the studied animals, while the indicators of other derivatives of the epithelium – hair follicles, were distinguished by a very low level of variability.
The data obtained allow us to conclude that the variability of the skin structure and its derivatives in wild boars have a certain significance in the process of adaptation to the effects of adverse climatic conditions, depending on the season of the year.

To improve the productive qualities of sheep bred in sheep farms, an important factor is the selection activities aimed at selecting animals for economically valuable traits. For this purpose, methods of markerassociated selection based on genotyping data are widely used. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) is used to identify single nucleotide substitutions suitable for genotyping by sequencing and to discover new candidate genes for productive traits. This work is devoted to the search for genome loci associated with the "average daily gain" trait using the GWAS method in Jalgin Merino for further use in breeding. A genome-wide study was carried out using Illumina Ovine Infinium HD BeadChip 600K on rams aged 12 months, bred in the Ipatovsky district of the Stavropol Territory. Quality control of genotyping, as well as genetic and statistical analysis of the obtained data, was performed using PLINK V.1.07. Visualization and plotting were carried out using the QQman package in the R programming language. A genome- wide study for associations showed a significant relationship between 10 detected SNPs and the average daily gain. Analysis of the localization of single nucleotide substitutions found 5 genes next to them: BABAM2, ELL2, ENSOARG00000019376, PLA2G10, ENSOARG00000003785. Their protein products are involved in the implementation of genetic information, cell differentiation and the flow of important metabolic processes in the body. Further research is needed to study the structure of the proposed candidate genes in order to understand the mechanisms of their influence on the phenotypic manifestation of economically valuable traits in sheep of domestic breeds.

Based on the results of the study, methods for determining the fertility of replacement pigs in the conditions of an industrial pig farm have been improved. The effectiveness of the proposed "Complex method for determining the fertility of replacement pigs in industrial conditions" is shown. An assessment was made of the hormonal status of replacement pigs in the ontogenesis phases critical for the development of the reproductive system - before the first estrus (before puberty) and immediately before insemination (maturity of the body); features of the manifestation of the immobility reflex in these gilts under conditions of artificial insemination. When applying the developed methodology for determining the timing of insemination of pigs, its efficiency increases - the percentage of pro-hollowness decreases from 5.68% to 1.29%, which leads to a reasonable expenditure of labor costs for the preparation of sperm doses and insemination, more rational use seed production at the same financial costs for the technique itself.
The level of sex hormones (estradiol, testosterone, cortisol and FSH) in the blood serum of physiologically healthy replacement pigs of the Duroc breed in the phases of ontogenesis that are critical for the formation of the reproductive system - in the period before the first estrus and in the period after body maturation (immediately before insemination) allows you to quickly determine fertility in replacement pigs. The use of the developed "Complex method for determining the fertility of replacement pigs in industrial conditions" contributes to the effective use of the breeding stock

Pelvic ring injury is one of the most severe forms of musculoskeletal injury in small domestic animals. They usually do not survive due to the development of traumatic shock and complications from the pelvic organs, which develop in the post-traumatic period. In this article on the topic: "Methods of surgical treatment of pelvic bone fractures in dogs and postoperative rehabilitation" performed by a number of authors from the Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, examples of surgical intervention for various pelvic fractures in dogs are given, using various methods of fixing them.
Such as: internal methods of fixing fractures of the pelvic ring, using plates, screws, various types of wires designed for osteosynthesis of bones; external methods of fixing fractures of the pelvic ring, using the spokerod method. The studies were carried out on 18 dogs for a year and a half in the veterinary clinic "Center for Veterinary Medicine" and in the "Daria Pankova Rehabilitation Center" in Almaty. The studied animals were aged from 1 year to 3.5 years. Breedchar-acteristic sranged from small breeds such as Chihuahuasand Dachshundstolarge out breds and CaneCorso .As well as the use of early rehabilitation in the postoperative period to eliminate various complications, such as muscle atrophy, neurological deficits of varying degrees, loss of limb sensitivity, and so on.
The recovery rate of bone and cartilage tissue in the application of food additives in the nutrition of operated animals was estimated, with the data obtained being recorded every 10 days. The analysis of the data obtained shows that the use of additional dietary supplements significantly accelerates the process of formation of a callus and rapid consolidation of bone fractures.

To date in Russian federation there is widespread in veterinary medicine to empiric prescription of broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs in the treatment of bacterial cystitis in dogs. The main danger of this approach is associated with the provocation of the development of antibiotic resistance of microorganisms, with the surgical treatment of animals in the active stage of the inflammatory process and associated complications, with the development of ascending infections of the urinary system. Very important for a positive clinical result in the treatment of dogs with urinary incontinence against the background of ureteral ectopia or urethral sphincter insufficiency has a compliance with the preanalytical rules when taking biomaterial (urine) for bacteriological examination by pyelocentesis or cystocentesis. So there is data how to obtaining a biomaterial and its laboratory research in this article. This article presents arguments to the feasibility and necessity of conducting a laboratory study of the bacterial composition of urine in the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the urinary system associated with urinary incontinence. This approach makes it possible to prevent the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, stop the actual infectious process and ensure high rates of treatment. Вacterial culture of urine is one of the most important tests to ensure the successful treatment of patients with such diseases. Also in analyzes results we can see the insufficiency and associated risks of broadspectrum antibacterial drugs’s "blind" prescription, which has negative affect for treatment

Relevance. In this paper, an effective protocol for the treatment of a toxic form of dyspepsia in young cattle is considered. According to experts, dyspepsia is a multifactorial disease, the positive outcome of treatment of which depends not only on the effective action of antibacterial therapy, but also on the timely prevention of the development of endotoxic shock, developing due to dehydration and overexpression of the nervous system.
The studies were carried out on cattle calves up to 10 days of age of the Holstein breed. To study the therapeutic efficacy of the proposed treatment protocol, three groups of analogues were formed: two experimental and a control group (n=12). The calves of the first experimental group were prescribed: a decoction of oak bark inside, an antibiotic intramuscularly and intraperitoneal preparation "Sterofundin isotonic". In the second experimental group, pathogenetic therapy in the form of visceral novocaine blockade was carried out in addition to the first scheme. In the control group, they were prescribed: inside decoction of oak bark, an antibiotic intramuscularly, the drug "Sterofundin isotonic" intravenously. During the observation period, the general clinical condition was determined daily in the morning and evening. At the end of the experiment, the number of recovered calves, the severity of the disease, and the percentage of animal deaths were determined. On the first day and after 10 days, blood was taken from all animals to determine the dynamics of hematological changes.
The use of a treatment regimen for toxic dyspepsia of calves with the inclusion of antibacterial, infusion therapy with simulta neous visceral novocaine blockade allowed to reduce the incidence by 2.7 times, increase therapeutic efficacy by 2.4 times compared with the control group. The duration of treatment with the use of the proposed treatment was reduced by 1.9 days, a significant increase in hemoglobin was noted in the blood of calves by 11.48% higher, lymphocytes by 1.68 times (p<0.05). The economic effect in the second experimental group was maximum and amounted to 2.28 rubles per rub of costs.