Diagnosis of leukemia remains one of the key problems in carrying out recreational activities in farms that are disadvantaged by this disease. In the Russian Federation, various methods are used to identify the causative agent of leukemia, including serological methods, one of which is enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). The principle of the indirect variant of ELISA is to identify a complex formed by an antigen immobilized on the surface of the wells of a polystyrene tablet and specific antibodies contained in blood serum samples or cattle milk. The present work is devoted to the study of the possibility of using a synthetic peptide, which is an amino acid sequence of epitopes of the gp51 protein of the leukemia virus, as an antigen for ELISA in the indication of the bovine leukemia virus. To develop the ELISA method, we designed and synthesized the antigen – synthetic peptide BLVPEP (NCKYSNQCGDQGSFYVNHQILFLHLK QCHGIFTLTWEIWNC). In order to best sensitize this peptide, the main parameters of the ELISA formulation were worked out. In particular, the optimal concentration of the peptide for sensitization of the tablet was determined - 1.0 micrograms/ml, blocking solution – 3% solution of skimmed milk powder, anti–species peroxidase conjugate - 1:40000, the reaction buffer of the interaction "antigen-antibody" - FSB-T (pH 7.3) was selected, the minimum titer of antibodies to the pathogen, detectable in the blood sera of cows with leukemia – 1:1600. The ELISA method presented in this paper can be used as a basis for creating a test system for detecting the causative agent of bovine leukemia and find wide application in veterinary practice for serological diagnostics.

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious viral disease of the Suidae family representatives, the mortality rate in primary foci of which reaches 100 %. To date, no specific means of preventing ASF have been developed. Despite the fact that researchers have proposed various methods for creating candidate vaccines against ASF, the issue of developing alternative antigenic variants with low reactogenicity and high immunogenicity is still relevant. It is known that the production of recombinant adeno-associated virus, a potential tool for delivering ASF virus target genes into mammalian cells, is influenced by many factors, in particular, the cell line, expression system, cell culture conditions after transfection, and the quality of the initial plasmid DNA. This work presents the results of optimization of the assembly protocol for recombinant AAV2 carrying the major capsid protein gene of the ASFV B646L as a model cargo. During the research, it was established that the protocol used allows to achieve a veritable virus titer of (2.45 ± 0.17) × 107 viral particles per μl, while the share of fully assembled viral capsids accounts for up to (79.3 ± 2.3) % of all genomic copies. When assessing the potential cytopathogenic effect of recombinant AAV2 on target cells (SPEV, porcine MSCs), it was found that high MOI (up to 10,000 viral particles per cell) does not lead to an increase in the proportion of apoptotic cells. The functionality of the developed AAV2-based construct was confirmed: in the lysates of transduced cells, the mature p72 protein with a molecular weight of 73 kDa was detected, specifically reacting in a western blot with hyperimmune pig serum. Our data confirm the potential of AAV2 as a tool for delivering ASF virus genes into porcine cells, which makes it a promising basis for the design of candidate vaccines.

The massive incidence of disease in cattle, manifested by damage to the distal limbs, is the cause of significant economic damage caused to the livestock industry of the Russian Federation. In this regard, the purpose of the research was an epizootological analysis of the spread of diseases of the fingers and hooves of cattle in certain regions of the Russian Federation and conducting laboratory studies on identify pathogens. The clinical and epizootic situation regarding diseases of the distal extremities was studied during field trips to examine agricultural enterprises, orthopedic medical examination of cattle, and collect data on the dynamics of the spread of these diseases, conditions of keeping, feeding and economic use of cattle. An orthopedic examination revealed various clinical manifestations of diseases of the fingers and hooves of non-contagious etiology. The infectious etiology of diseases of the fingers and hooves was confirmed by laboratory studies of pathological material with a biological test on laboratory animals. An analysis of the epizootic situation regarding infectious diseases of the fingers and hooves of cattle in 3 agricultural enterprises producing milk in the Republic of Mordovia, the Chuvash Republic and the Nizhny Novgorod region, carried out in the period 2021-2022, along with necrobacteriosis, mixed infection and diseases of the limbs of non-contagious etiology, finger dermatitis (Mortellaro disease), associated with the import of livestock with a latent form of this infection from other agricultural enterprises. Based on the results of an orthopedic examination of unfavorable livestock and studies of samples of pathological material from sick animals, the percentage of livestock affected by various forms of finger diseases was determined, different stages of finger dermatitis were established in the «Sabancheevskoye» limited liability company (Alovskoye department).

Newcastle disease (ND) is now widely spread in many countries of Eurasia, Africa and the Americas and causes significant economic damage to poultry farming. New NDinfected localities are reported in the Russian Federation every year; besides, the number of farms with vaccinated poultry demonstrating high specific antibody titres, decreased performance and survivability while being asymptomatic has increased. This is attributed to the virus evolution leading to the emergence of new genotypes represented by highly virulent strains. Since 2019, subgenotype VII-L has been isolated from Newcastle disease outbreaks in Russia. The vaccines currently available on the market do not confer appropriate protection against it due to the lack of antigenic matching between vaccine strains and this subgenotype. The development of a vaccine based on subgenotype VII -L will allow to ensure protection of poultry flocks against Newcastle disease caused by new NDV isolates. The immunological properties of emulsion inactivated vaccine against Newcastle disease based on genotype VII NDV (ARRIAH G7 strain) antigen were studied in 30-day-old Hisex Brown chickens. A similar vaccine based on genotype II NDV LaSota strain antigen was used as control. Tests of different immunizing antigen doses were carried out. The vaccines were tested for induced humoral immunity level (HI antibody titres), as well as for protective effect (protective index) after challenge with a highly virulent genotype VII NDV strain. The tests revealed that the antigenic activity and protective effect of both vaccines depended on the antigen concentration in the inoculation volume. Antibody titres were always higher when homologous antigens were used in HI tests. The vaccine based on the antigen of ARRIAH G7 strain (homologous to the challenge strain) was more effective than the control vaccine. Less ARRIAH G7 strain antigen was required to protect 50% of vaccinated poultry, compared with LaSota strain antigen. The comparative assessment of the same doses of the antigens showed that the vaccine based on ARRIAH G7 strain antigen had better immunological properties. The tested antigens demonstrated 18.3% bilateral affinity.

Fur farming is a profitable branch of agriculture in Russia and other countries. Highquality furs are valued on the market. Biotic and abiotic factors influence the growth, development and productivity of fur-bearing animals on farms. Ectoparasitoses in the group of invasive diseases are a biotic factor. Pathogens of ectoparasitosis are widespread among fur-bearing animals. Otodectosis caused by the ear mite Otodectes cynotis is the most common and pathogenic. Otodectosis leads to the death of young animals. We conducted a study of the epizootic situation regarding otodectosis among fur-bearing animals in the fur farms of the Tver region: “Mermerins” and “Savvatyevo”. We examined three types of fur-bearing animals: fox, American mink, and ferrets. During the examination, we conducted a clinical examination of animals and microscopic examination of parasitological material from the auricle and external auditory canal in order to detect O. cynotis. Based on our research, we were ahead of the peculiarities of the spread of otodectosis and presented the epizootic aspects of the circulation of this invasion in fur -bearing animals. Ear mites were found in all age groups of foxes (5 months, 1 year and 2 years), we found high rates prevalence of infection (from 81.0 to 100.0%), maximum in animals aged 2 years (100.0%). The relative intensity of infection varies from 12.8 to 23.4 copies; it is significantly reduced in animals aged 2 years (16.5 copies), the maximum recorded in animals aged 1 year (23.4 copies). Ear mites were found in ferrets in two age groups – 1 year and 2 years. The highest rates of ear mite infestation were found in animals aged 2 years; these indices are lower in animals aged 1 year. We examined American minks at both fur farms. According to our data, causative agents of otodectosis have not been identified in minks. Characteristic clinical signs of otodectosis were present in foxes, clinical signs of otodectosis were less common in ferrets, and there were no clinical signs of otodectosis in minks. Thus, the results obtained indicate a wide distribution of otodectosis in foxes and ferrets. Among foxes, we found high indices of invasion in all age groups; foxes participate equally in the circulation of O. cynotis; ferrets at the age of 2 years play a leading role in the circulation and maintenance of otodectosis.

The Northwestern Federal District holds a leading position in the commercial fish farming of the country. In particular, the Leningrad Region occupies the second place among producers of commercial fish in the region, the fisheries complex of which includes 200 enterprises. The main object of aquaculture is rainbow trout (97.1%). Parasitic diseases often occur in fish farms. To make a diagnosis, a comprehensive examination is carried out, including the collection of epizootological data, a clinical examination, a diagnostic autopsy and laboratory tests. This article describes a case of cyatocephalosis epizootics in an operating fish farming. The causative agent of the disease is Cyathocephalus truncatus cestode, belonging to the order Pseudophyllidea, family. Cyathocephalidae. It parasitizes the pyloric appendages of mainly salmonid fish. The development of C. truncatus occurs with the participation of one intermediate host, which are crustaceans: Rivulogammarus pulex, R. spinicaudatum, Pontogammarus bosniacus, Pontopereia hoi, Pallasea quadrispinosa. To determine the causes of infection of rainbow trout juveniles, an assessment of the infestation of final and intermediate hosts, the seasonality of invasion in 2021-2022, as well as control catches of the head pond and Mill Creek belonging to the Strelka River basin was performed. During the study, 16 individuals of different ages of American char were caught, 6 of them were subjected to a partial parasitological autopsy for infection with cyatocephalosis. As a result of the study, C. truncatus cestodes were exposed in all individuals in an amount from 2 to 5. Consequently, the absence of cases of progenesis in procercoids of intermediate hosts of gammarid crustaceans, infection with parasitic cestode of both final and intermediate hosts allowed us to conclude that the final hosts of the parasite, salmon-like fish species, are present in the enterprise's water supply system. Thus, the parasitic cestode contributed to the self-naturalization of the American char population, the reproduction and cultivation of which in this water source ended in the 1970s, and has been considered lost until now.

The report presents the results of acaricides using from the macrocyclic lactones group and complex drug administration which includes deltamethrin, diflubenzuron and piperonyl butoxide by psoroptic scab of cattle. There was research at the beefproducing farm (Aberdeen Angus breed). It was four groups (n=10 by each). Animals of the 1st experimental group have received «Meradoc» drug (doramectin 1%, subcutaneous introduction, the neck area), 2d experimental group – «Ivermec» drug (ivermectin 1%, 1 ml per 50 kg, subcutaneous introduction, the neck area), 3d experimental group – «Deltsid 7.5» by single dose (15 ml per 100 kg) by the application on skin vertebral from the head to the tail. The 4th group was control without acaricidal treatment. It was found the single using of macrocyclic lactones groups’ drugs were destroyed only the larval, nymphal and imaginal phases of acarian Psoroptes without ticks’ eggs extermination. The scraping was included ticks’ eggs on 7th day after «Deltsid 7.5» drug using, but it wasn’t detected any larval, imaginal phases and ticks’ eggs on the 14th, 21^st and 28th days after beginning of animal’s treatment. Moreover, to the 28th days there were registered the hair restoration and the skin in affected areas without compaction and folding. The using of complex drug «Deltsid 7.5» is more effective treatment of psoroptic scab of cattle. This drug has the acaricidal effect on the preimaginal phases Acariformes. There were blocked the enzymes activity which destroy the drug’s effect. To take on the Acariformes resistibility by acaricides it should be control the quality of anti-acaricidal treatments by microscopy of skin scrapings. The recommendation in the case of the positive result’s getting is the treatment alternation.

One of the main reservoirs of the causative agent of trichinosis in the Amur region is the badger, whose meat and fat are used for medicinal purposes or as a delicacy. Data on infection of badgers and the localization of Trichinella larvae in the muscle tissue of badgers are ambiguous. The morphological features of the development of muscle tissue in badgers are associated with lifestyle, which is likely reflected in the localization of Trichinella larvae in certain muscles.
The goal is to determine the morphological parameters of capsules of Trichinella larvae in the muscle tissue of badgers in the conditions of the Amur region.
The material was the muscle tissue of the skeletal muscles of the head, pectoral, pelvic limbs, muscles of the spinal column and abdominal cavity of badgers, hunted by hunters under licenses in the Amur region.
Detection of Trichinella larvae was carried out by compressor trichinoscopy and digestion in individual housing, according to MUK 4.2.2747-10 “Methods of sanitary and parasitological examination of meat and meat products.” For each muscle, the intensity of invasion was determined (personal/gram). Morphological parameters of capsules of Trichinella larvae were determined using an eyepiece micrometer. The capsule shape index was calculated using the formula V=D/L.
The most invaded muscles in badgers have been identified and the shape index of capsules of Trichinella larvae has been determined. Areas of natural foci of trichinosis in the Amur region have been identified. In badgers, the most infested Trichinella larvae are the head muscles (mylohyoid muscle, tongue muscle tissue and masticatory muscle), which are preferable to take for diagnosing trichinosis in this animal species.
The rounded shape of the capsules of Trichinella larvae (shape index 0.72), characteristic of badgers of the weasel family, was established. The areas of natural foci of trichinosis have been identified - Mikhailovsky, Seryshevsky, Blagoveshchensky, Tambov and Ivanovo administrative districts of the Amur Region. Of particular concern is infection in the southern, most populated areas, where there is a high probability of the transition of trichinosis from natural foci to anthropurgic and synanthropic ones.

Carbetocin (deamino-1-monocarba-(2-Omethylthyrosine)-oxytocin) refers to a prolonged-acting, synthetic analogue of oxytocin, has pharmacodynamic properties similar to natural oxytocin. Drugs containing carbetocin have been used in the pathology of childbirth and the postpartum period. However, there is limited information in the literature on the effect of this pharmacological agent on the mammary gland of animals. The aim of the presented experimental work was to study the effect of carbetocin on the mammary gland of sows in the postpartum period. The studies were performed on the main sows in the early postpartum period. According to the principle of analogues, the animals were divided into 2 groups: experimental and control. Carbetocin was parenterally administered to sows of the experimental group at a dose of 0.07 mg with an interval of 24 hours, and uterotonic agents were not used in the control group. In animals of the experimental group, the time of induced secretion of breast secretions after administration of cabetocin was recorded. The concentration of immunoglobulins in colostrum (milk) of all studied animals was determined using a Brix refractometer. It was found that after carbetocin injection, the average duration of excretion of mammary gland secretions in sows had no significant differences during 1 and 2 days after delivery and amounted to 363.00±8.40 and 355.50±8.51 minutes, respectively. Its free release in animals occurs within 4-7 hours after administration of a prolonged oxytocin analog. The use of carbetocin in sows in the postpartum period does not lead to an increase in the amount of immunoglobulins in colostrum or transitional milk, regardless of the proportion of the mammary gland. At the same time, a significant decrease in immune proteins is recorded after 24 hours to the initial level.

Clearance plays an important role in determining the functional activity of organs and systems that are directly involved in the metabolization and removal of various exogenous substances. It is also an important indicator for measuring the effect of xenobiotic dosage on their concentration in biological fluids over various time periods, which allows the use of these parameters for diagnostic purposes. However, methods for determining clearance are directly dependent on the removal characteristics of the substance. The purpose of this study is to conduct an experimental study aimed at establishing the clearance of exogenous sorbitol in laboratory animals with the absence of pathologies of the hepatobiliary and excretory systems. Having analyzed the data obtained, we concluded that clearance rates were stable after enteral administration of sorbitol in clinically healthy animals, i.e. with each time interval passed, the concentration of sorbitol decreases by a certain value. The clearance indicator was characterized by positive values, which indicates that exogenous sorbitol is not retained in biological fluids. The results of the study showed stable and comparable interindividual clearance rates, which indicates the linearity of the process of sorbitol elimination in the absence of pathologies. A positive feature of this reduction is its predictability and the possibility of using this information for clinical purposes. However, it should be noted that the linear decrease in the concentration of an exogenous substance may be disrupted in some cases, for example, in the presence of pathological conditions; therefore, a further direction of research will be to study changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters (in particular, clearance) of sorbitol in various pathologies of the hepatobiliary system.

One of the most developing methods for assessing the state of the hepatobiliary system is the dynamic clearance method (assessment of clearance by studying pharmacokinetic parameters). Clearance is a measure of the rate at which a specific (usually most pharmacodynamically related to the system being studied) substance is eliminated from the body. This method allows not only to diagnose liver diseases, but also to determine their severity and the dynamics of changes in the process of further pharmacotherapy. The purpose of this study is to conduct an experimental study aimed at studying changes in the pharmacokinetics of exogenous sorbitol in the blood plasma of laboratory animals, which will establish starting points for further assessment of changes in its elimination properties in hepatobiliary pathologies. The level of Dglucitol was determined by the Corcoran and Page method with modification for 12 hours (step - 2 hours) in blood serum obtained by venipuncture of the tail vein, after administration of an experimental composition based on D-glucitol. Time intervals were selected based on the reported half-life of the drug. Based on the results of the study, we noted the following patterns in the biotransformation of D-glucitol: a linear increase in concentration up to 6 hours after administration (with a peak at 6 hours), a linear decrease in the period from 6 to 8 hours after administration, then a sharp decrease in concentration. Thus, the type of elimination of D-glucitol in clinically healthy animals can be assessed as “linear”. In the process of further research, it is planned to develop special “D-glucitol elimination curves”. These graphs will show the dynamics of exogenous D-glucitol removal over time in various hepatobiliary disorders.

One of the main issues when working with fish embryos is the throughput of the chorion. It is believed that heavy metals can also be blocked by chorion. In the context of studying the acute toxicity of an organomineral chelate complex containing metals such as iron, manganese, copper, zinc, and cobalt, modification of standard tests is required. A possible approach to studying the effect of chorion on the results of acute toxicity may be the removal of chorion (dehorionization). The aim of the study was to compare the sensitivity of dehorionized embryos in assessing the acute toxicity of organomineral chelate complexes. The research was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. The object of the study was the embryos of Danio rerio. To obtain caviar, the parent pairs were planted in spawning jigs. Dehorionization was performed mechanically at 24 hpf (pharyngula stage). After dehorionization, the embryos were transferred to agarose-coated wells of 24-well tablets filled with 2 ml of solution per well. During the study, 15 concentrations of the studied dietary supplement were produced, varying by 2.0 times (64...0.0039 g/l). Working concentrations were prepared by diluting dietary supplements with E3 medium. The results of comparing the sensitivity of de- and nondehorionized embryos in assessing the acute toxicity of organomineral chelate complexes were obtained. It was shown that the LC50 of the studied drug for non-dehorionized embryos is 3.754 g/l, for dehorionized embryos the LC50 is 2.326 g/l. The data indicate that the removal of the chorion leads to an increase in the toxicity of the drug for Danio rerio embryos.

In order to study the possibility of using a sorption-metabolic feed additive for poultry and assessing its metabolic activity, randomized controlled studies were carried out in a poultry farm located in the Leningrad region. The object of the study were chickens of the Cobb-500 cross, from which groups No. 1 (control, n = 57) were formed, in which the chickens received only the main diet (OR, mixed feed), No. 2 (n = 55) - in addition to the OR, they were given feed additive “Bubitan TM” and No. 3 - (n=60), where a combination feed additive and a sorptionmetabolic feed additive (SMFA) were specified. The results obtained were subjected to statistical processing using specialized PC programs. In this case, the arithmetic mean and its standard error were determined, and the intergroup difference was assessed using the student’s t test. In addition, the absolute (AP) and relative (RR) increase in body weight of the bird was calculated. The results obtained showed that the sorptionmetabolic feed additive does not have a negative effect on the body of broiler chickens. It is advisable to use both feed additives under study to correct metabolism. However, as the results of the study showed against the backdrop of the SMKD garden, there is a higher safety of birds and growth potential than when using a comparable product. Thus, the sorption-metabolic feed additive developed by the staff of the department of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education of St. Petersburg State University of Medicine and LLC "EcoGroup" (Russia) does not have a harmful effect on the body of broiler chickens and is acceptable for use in poultry farming as a means for optimizing metabolism and leveling its disorders, for stimulating growth and increasing the safety of poultry.

Danio rerio is a popular model organism used in various fields of scientific research, including aquaculture. The use of Danio rerio in toxicological studies of drugs promising for use in aquaculture allows reducing the cost of livestock of commercial fish for the needs of experiments. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of an organomineral chelate complex on the reproductive function of females and the survival of Danio rerio eggs. An organomineral chelate complex was studied (JUPITER, Russia). The active basis of a biologically active additive (hereinafter dietary supplements): a complex of ethylenediaminediantaric acid and lysine with trace elements (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Se, I). The fish of the experimental groups were given an additive for 30 days, the data were compared with the control. The drug was given together with the feed once a day, in 3 different concentrations (0.25 g / l, 0.125 g / l, 0.0625 g / l). The weight of females at the beginning and end of the experiment, the total number of eggs (from each female for spawning), the number of eggs per 1 g, the survival rate of eggs, the diameter of eggs and the length of larvae 5 dfp (five days after fertilization) were estimated. To obtain caviar, the parent pairs were planted in spawning jigs and left for 12 hours. The effectiveness of the organomineral chelate complex was observed when using it at a dosage of 0.25 g/l. The use of the complex for 30 days led to an increase in the weight of females and the weight of eggs, as well as the number of eggs per spawning. It is also important to note that the use of the drug did not have a significant effect on the survival of the eggs, the diameter of the eggs and the length of the larva. The enhancement of reproductive function and the increase in the size of Danio rerio females can be explained by the influence of the components of the organomineral chelate complex on the course of biochemical reactions in the body of fish.

Against the backdrop of intensification of aquaculture technologies, the severity of deterrent factors is increasing; among the most relevant in this issue, the quality of feed should be noted, the low level of which creates the risks of feed poisoning, metabolic disorders and the initiation of disease development. In the conditions of fish farms, research was carried out to study the safety and effectiveness of using a sorptionmetabolic feed additive for fish, developed by employees of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education of St. Petersburg State University of Internal Affairs and EcoGroup LLC (Russia). The object of the study was rainbow trout, which during the growing period for 60 days received feed with the specified additive. Statistical processing of the results obtained using the Statistica 8.0 program included the calculation of the arithmetic mean and its standard error (M±m), and the intergroup difference (p) was assessed using the student’s t test. The results of the study showed that the developed feed additive does not have a negative effect on the fish body, and its use eliminates the occurrence of metabolic disorders and the development of liver and kidney pathologies, the risk of which increases with the intensification of aquaculture technology. Against the backdrop of giving a new feed additive, not only does the weight and body size of the fish increase, but its growth potential during periods of further cultivation increases. Thus, the developed sorption-metabolic feed additive is harmless to fish, has a positive effect on their growth and development, and reduces the risks of metabolic disorders and the development of pathologies. All this provides grounds for the use of this feed additive in aquaculture.

Currently, aquaculture is a reliable source of increasing the volume of fish food products and serves as a guarantor of food security. The sterlet Acipenser ruthenus L. is one of the main objects of freshwater aquaculture. Feeding with artificial feed, high planting densities and other negative factors of industrial fish farming inevitably lead to increased stress loads. This affects the physiological state of fish. Disturbances in the functioning of the immune system leads to outbreaks of infectious diseases and epizootic disadvantage of pond fish farms. In modern aquaculture, various antibiotics, probiotics and plant preparations are used to treat and prevent bacterial diseases. In this paper, the effect of different feed additives on the survival rate of sterlet fry to infectious agents was investigated. For this purpose, 150 individuals each were seeded into separate pools with high content of myxobacteria and aeromonads in the water microflora. Studies were conducted in 5 separate pools: control group with feed and 4 experimental pools with different feed additives. The duration of the experiment was 75 days. During the experiment, the number of surviving fries was recorded, and at the end, survival rate was calculated as a percentage of the total number of fish initially planted in each pool. Differences in the effect of different feed additives on the survival rate of fry were found. The highest escapement was recorded in the control group and the least in the group with Antibac-100. In the other experimental groups, the percentage of surviving fry was higher than in the control.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk from Holstein-Friesian cows on local farms located in two different cities in Turkey, to investigate the effect of this mycotoxin on milk quality and seasonal variation, and to investigate the efficacy of a commercial clay-based binder. As part of the study, milk samples from 144 dairy cows were analyzed for the presence of AFM1 prior to the use of a clay-based toxin binder. As a result of this analysis, 26.9% of milk samples from individual animals had AFM1 levels exceeding the U.S. permissible limit of 0.5 µg/kg. In addition, AFM1 was detected in 36.5% of winter and 18.6% of summer milk samples. The presence of AFM1 caused a decrease in milk fat, dry matter, and protein levels. The affected animals were further divided into two groups: control group (n = 14) and experimental group (n = 26). The animals of the experimental group were fed 25 g/animal of clay-based binder toxin daily. The treatment group showed a gradual decrease in AFM1 levels by 24.4% on day 4 and 48.9% on day 7. In addition, the fat, non-fat solids, and protein content of milk increased significantly. As a result, a high level of AFM1 contamination in milk was detected, which can be assumed to negatively affect the quality of milk production. The use of clay-based toxin binders may be an effective method to improve milk quality and protect animal and consumer health.

The positive effect of chelate compounds of trace elements on the chemical composition of quail meat is justified. The experience used quails of the Japanese breed, egg-meat direction in the amount of 280 heads. Inclusion of chelate compounds of iron and zinc in the diet of quails provides positive correction of physical and chemical indices of meat raw materials. The greatest effect was noted when Bioferron 0,2 ml/kg was introduced into the diet: in 37-day quails, the level of raw protein in meat exceeded the control values by 1,33% (at p≤0,01), the level of raw ash - by 0,41%; in 98-day quails, the level of raw meat protein increased by 1,08%, and relative to the control group - by 1,92% (at p≤0,001), the level of raw meat ash increased by 2,85%, and relative to the control group - by 1,54% (at p≤0,01). In samples of meat raw materials of quail, which received Biocinc, 0,2 ml/kg was noted as the most effective dose: the level of raw protein in meat in 37-day quail exceeded the control by 0,78%, the level of raw ash - by 0,27%; in 98-day quails, the level of raw meat protein increased by 0,85%, and relative to the control group - by 1,14% (at p≤0,01), the level of raw ash increased by 3,45%, and relative to the control group – by 2,00% (at p≤0,01). The highest level of quail in meat raw materials among the elements was in iron, zinc and manganese. The largest amount of digested manganese in the muscles of 37-day quail was noted in a sample of the 5th experimental group (Biocinc 0,2 ml/kg) – 324,69% (p≤0,001) more than the control. In 98-day quails, the highest level of manganese accumulation was also noted in the sample of the 5th experimental group (Biocinc 0,2 mL/kg) – 306,25% (p≤0,001) more than the control one. In 37-day quails, the highest concentration of iron in meat raw materials (60,59±0,66 mg/kg at p≤0,001) was detected when Bioferron was included in the diet at a dose of 0,3 mL/kg, which is 156,63% more than the control. 98-day - 63,32±1,23 mg/kg (p≤0,001), which is 213,93% more than the control. The highest level of zinc was observed in the groups of 37-day quail, the diet of which included Biocinc at doses of 0,2 and 0,3 ml/kg, it was 43,30±0,95 and 44,49±1,41 mg/kg at p≤0,001, which is more than in the control group by 113,41 and 119,27%, respectively.

In the poultry industry, feed additives with positive effects on the condition of the poultry are constantly used. Antimicrobials are used for this purpose. However, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics accelerates the spread of antibiotic resistance among bacteria. Hence, researchers have increased interest in finding alternative feed additives. Plant extracts are of considerable interest in this matter as they have a wide range of biological properties including antibacterial activity. Phytobiotics, have been found to increase productivity, feed conversion ratio, safety and meat quality. Among the potential phytobiotics, oak bark extract (Quercus cortex) should be emphasized, the activity of which is associated with the content of more active substances. With this in mind, the purpose of this work was formulated to study the effect of Quercus cortex extract and the feed antibiotic Biovit 200 based on 20% chlorotetracycline on feed digestibility, its slaughter properties and the content of chemicals in the body of broilers.
The results obtained during the study suggest that the use of Quercus cortex extract (at a dose of 0,2 ml/kg) both alone and in combination with Biovit 200 (at a dose of 0,63 g/kg w.m./day contributed to an increase in the EIP index, digestibility coefficients. An excess in slaughter yield in I, II and III groups over the control group was recorded.

Aquaponics is one of the most efficient agricultural production systems; however, there is limited data on its level of effectiveness. The purpose of the research was to study the germination of wheat grain as aquaponic food for herbivorous fish in an aquaponic installation. The experimental production of aquaponic food for herbivorous fish grown in polyculture (carp, grass carp, black carp, silver carp) was studied by the method of wheat grain germination. In an aquaponic device, you can not only grow plants, but also germinate their seeds before planting in the ground. Water is saturated with oxygen due to continuous flow (3.5% more than in a pool without an aquaponic device). This is a positive factor for the growth of fish and energy savings while reducing the duration of the oxygen generators. In addition, the use of an aquaponic device provides favorable conditions for growing plants and fish with a significant reduction in the cost of installation of structures and a decrease in the cost of its operation. An increase in the germination of wheat grain during its germination in an aquaponic installation by 2.0% was established; increase in the length of sprouts during germination - by 27.5%; root length - by 32.2%; increase in the content of crude protein – by 2.2%; vitamin B2 - by 6.1%; carotene – by 4.6%. Hydroponic feed safety indicators were within the limits of sanitary and hygienic standards. The results of this study for the production of hydroponic feed for herbivorous fish directly in the fish farm show that in the production of valuable fortified vegetable environmentally safe feed, it is advisable to use the aquaponic method using water saturated with nutrients.

The microbiocenosis of the intestines of fish is represented by the abdominal and parietal microflora, which has complex functional connections with each other and with the intestinal wall. The purpose of the study was to identify the features of the biodiversity of the intestinal intestinal microflora of rainbow trout grown in fish farms in Karelia. The study of intestinal intestinal microflora of rainbow trout was carried out on the basis of fish farms of the Republic of Kazakhstan, geographically located in the water area of 4 reservoirs, characterized by a complex of hydrological, hydrochemical and hydrobiological characteristics. These are the Kondopoga Bay of Lake Onega, the Rautalakhti Bay of Lake Ladoga, Kroshnozero and Lake Nasonovskoye. For statistical processing of the data obtained based on the results of a comparative analysis of the intestinal intestinal microflora of the studied groups of rainbow trout, the compilation of a variation series, the calculation of the average value of the studied trait and the average standard error were used. The object of the study to study the composition of intestinal intestinal microflora was the rainbow trout Parasalmo mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) of the Rofor breed. Microbiological analysis has shown that the qualitative and quantitative variability of the gut microbiome differs depending on the trout growing environment. 14 functional groups of bacteria were identified: cellulolytics, bacilli, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, selenomonas, actinobacteria, enterobacteria, fusobacteria, peptococci, staphylococci, campylobacteria, pathogenic clostridia, pasteurella and pseudomonas. The proportion of cellulolytics (Eubacteriaceae, Clostridiaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Bacteroidetes, etc.) varied from 49.1 to 55.3%; bacilli – from 0.9 to 8.7%, lactobacilli – from 5.0 to 13.7%.

Increasing the productivity of animals and birds, resistance to non-infectious and infectious diseases remains a priority in agricultural production. Currently, the problem of obtaining environmentally friendly animal feed and food of animal origin is acute. The main natural and anthropogenic pollutants of feed and food raw materials are mycotoxins, toxic elements and pesticides. It is important to highlight the role of the influence of combinations of natural and anthropogenic pollutants on a living organism. Mycotoxins, toxic elements and pesticides, in addition to their polytoxic effect on animals, significantly reduce product quality indicators. This article examines the organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological parameters of broiler chicken meat during the experimental introduction of natural (T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol) and anthropogenic (cadmium and diquat) ecotoxicants against the background of the use of modified bentonite. Experiments were conducted on 40 broiler chickens divided into 4 groups: group 1 - biological control, received the basic diet, group 2 – toxic control (broiler chickens received food contaminated with mycotoxins, cadmium and diquat); group 3 – broiler chickens received toxic feed with a modified sorbent; group 4 – control due to the harmlessness, broiler chickens with a basic diet received a modified sorbent. The duration of the experiment was 21 days. When assessing the organoleptic parameters, it was revealed that the meat samples of broiler chickens of groups 1, 3 and 4 correspond to the characteristic features of fresh meat, groups 2 – of questionable freshness. When evaluating the physico-chemical parameters of chicken meat of the second group, a significantly increased value of the pH level of muscle tissue, an increase in amino-ammonia nitrogen by 34.9%, the amount of volatile fatty acids, acid and peroxide numbers by 1.9, 3.4 and 5.0 times, respectively, was recorded relative to other experimental groups. The qualitative reaction to peroxidase in testing 1, 3 and 4 samples of chicken meat was positive, in 2 – negative. The contamination with cocci and sticks of smears-prints of the surface layers of the muscles of broiler chickens of the second group was recorded. The organoleptic, physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of broiler chicken meat against the background of the use of a modified sorbent did not differ significantly from those of the biological control group and corresponded to the characteristic features of fresh meat.

Lake Ladoga is the largest body of water in Europe with huge reserves of drinking water, and has a particularly important sanitary and hygienic significance for the Northwestern region of Russia. The lake has significant fishery importance – annual catches reached 6000 tons. per year. However, over the past few decades, the fishery status of the reservoir has changed significantly. Stocks and catches of the most valuable fish species have sharply decreased as a result of anthropogenic impact – pollution and eutrophication.
Chemical-analytical studies of samples of water, bottom sediments, atmospheric precipitation and fish for metals were carried out in the laboratory of fishery ecology of the St. Petersburg branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "VNIRO" ("GosNIORH" named after L.S. Berg) on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer AA - 7000 (Shimadzu) according to approved methods (PNDF., 2010; M02-2406., 2013 and M02-902-125, 2005), and in the research laboratory of food and natural objects "ANALECT" of the Institute of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, using the method of atomic absorption spectrometry according to approved methods. Hydrochemical and hydrological parameters were determined using an automatic multiparameter probe Aqua TROLL 500.
The southern water area of the lake, which is the most valuable in terms of fisheries, turned out to be the most vulnerable to toxicological effects. Pollution of spawning grounds, toxicosis of fish, violation of natural reproduction in combination with the hydrological features of the reservoir have led to irreversible transformations in the structure of the ichthyofauna as a whole for the entire lake. Pronounced consequences for the ichthyofauna of the reservoir are associated with the sensitivity of fish to pollutants, their ability to accumulate pathological information over a long-life cycle. The hydrological features of the southern water area of Lake Ladoga, combined with the location of pollution sources and the routes of pollutants, make it difficult to carry out preventive measures in this most important fishery area.

760 samples of biological material from various regions of the Russian Federation were studied, 320 isolates of yeast fungi were isolated, which amounted to 42.10% of the total number of samples. Of the 760 samples, 29.0% belonged to cattle, 11.8% to small cattle, 13.0% to horses, 1.6% to camels, 7.2% to cats and 17.5% to dogs, 1.8% to raw milk and 0.8% to environmental objects (OVS). Most of the isolated isolates (240) of yeast fungi belonged to fungi of the genus Candida, which amounted to 75%. The species diversity of fungi of the genus Candida is represented by 15 species. The largest number of isolates belong to the species Candida albicans, Candida catenulata, Candida kefyr Candida krusei, Candida membranifaciens, Candida pararugosa and Candida tropicals. These species of fungi of the genus Candida are known as pathogens of fungal infections in humans and animals. The species diversity of species not belonging to the genus Candida is limited to 7 species in 5 genera – Geotrichum, Malassezia, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces and Trichosporon. The fact of the development of resistance of some yeast species to the most commonly used antifungal drugs (fluconazole and voriconazole) has been established. It was revealed that 30% of the studied isolates of the genus Candida are resistant to fluconazole, 32% are dose–dependent, 38% are sensitive, 28% are resistant to voriconazole, 30% are dose–dependent, 42% are sensitive. Isolates not belonging to the genus Candida showed resistance to fluconazole 19%, 38% - dose–dependent, 43% - sensitive, voriconazole – 23% – resistant, 18% – dose–dependent and 59% - sensitive. The proportion of isolates of yeast fungi resistant to fluconazole and voriconazole isolated from animals is quite large, in some cases it is up to 50% (C. tropicalis). A high level of resistance was found in isolates of Candida albicans, Candida catenulata, Candida rugosa and Candida pararugosa, which can significantly complicate the treatment of infections caused by them and contribute to the worldwide problem of antibiotic resistance.

The effect of the probiotic preparation "Ecoflor" on proteolytic activity of the intestinal mucosa and chyme of sterlet was studied. This probiotic is a consortium of strains of lacto- and bifidobacteria: B. bifidum, B. longum and L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. plantarum, immobilized on carbon-mineral sorbent SUMS-1. For the experiment, fish were divided into 4 groups: control and three experimental groups. Experimental groups of fish were given feed with probiotic in the amount of 2, 4, 6 g/kg of feed. Sampling was carried out before the beginning of the experiment, on 7, 14, and 21 days. Material for the study was taken from 5 individuals from each group. To obtain enzymatically active preparations, fish intestines were freed from fat and dried on ice bath glass. After incision, the chyme was collected with a spatula and scraper, then the mucous membrane was removed. The total proteinase activity was calculated by the ratio of the difference between the spectrophotometer readings of the sample with substrate and the blank sample to the product of the intestinal weight (g) by the incubation time (min) EA = ΔE425/(g×min). Determinations were performed in three repetitions. Data analysis showed the stimulating effect of the preparation on proteolytic activity. The maximum increase in enzymatic activity in the experimental groups compared to the control group was recorded on the 7th day of the experiment. A more significant increase in proteolytic activity of the intestinal mucosa compared to chyme was found. At the beginning of feeding, the stimulating effect of the preparation was found in all experimental groups compared to the control. In further observation periods the effectiveness of the probiotic significantly decreased.

One of the most frequently performed accesses in the practice of an orthopedic veterinarian is access to the proximal epiphysis of the tibia. Access to the proximal epiphysis of the tibia is necessary in many cases of treatment of pathologies of the musculoskeletal system in cats and dogs and can be used in such surgical pathologies. The aim of the study was to consider options for surgical access to the proximal epiphysis of the tibia to perform osteosynthesis of fractures according to the Salter–Harris type, and osteotomy leveling the slope of the tibial plateau (TPLO) with anatomical and topographic justification. The study was conducted in the Network of veterinary centers "Kotonai" and the Department of Animal Anatomy of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. The object of the study was dogs of small and medium breeds in the number of twelve individuals. The average age of the patients ranged from 6 months to 12 years. The study involved 5 intact females and 7 intact males. The average weight at the time of the study ranged from 2.5 to 21.0 kg. In the process of collecting the life history of all patients, the presence of chronic diseases, allergies and infectious diseases is excluded. The initial examination of the animal included: collection of anamneses of life and illness, general clinical examination, thermometry, neuroorthopedic examination, auscultation of the heart and lungs, X-ray examination under sedation. General clinical examination, thermometry and auscultation of the heart and lungs did not reveal pathological changes in all cases. According to the results of the study, it was found that there were no severe postoperative complications requiring repeated treatment in the studied patients. With the observance of clear anatomical and topographic landmarks in the formation of accesses, a good understanding of the anatomy of the medial and cranial surfaces of the tibia, visualization in the wound during surgical interventions (osteosynthesis of SalterHarris fractures, TPLO osteotomy) in the area of the proximal epiphysis of the tibia is convenient and safe.

The article presents the anatomical features of the gluteal group of extensors and supinators of the hip joint in a Maine Coon cat, which are absent in the available literature. The Maine Coon is the largest of the numerous breeds of domestic cats. To date, the anatomy of cats, and even more so the age, sex, breed, and species characteristics remain poorly understood, while the study of the specific anatomical features of the pelvic limb muscles in animals is one of the urgent tasks in the field of comparative anatomy and practical veterinary medicine. We have established that the muscles of the gluteal extensor group belong to different types of muscles: the middle gluteal is dynamic, the additional and deep gluteal, the pear–shaped is dynamostatic, with appropriate functional abilities. The research was carried out at the Department of Anatomy and Histology of Animals named after Professor A.F. Klimov, Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology – MBA named after K.I. Scriabin."The sectional material – pelvic limbs (n=8), selected from a domestic cat, without external signs of musculoskeletal pathologies, served as a material for research. Methods of fine macro- and microanatomic dissection were used, followed by functional analysis of the studied structures and skeletotopic projection of points of attachment of muscle parts. On the basis of the conducted research, we have established the skeleto-topical features of the anatomical formations on the pelvic and femur bones. It has been convincingly shown that the main extensor of the hip joint in the Maine Coon is the gluteus medius muscle. It is the most powerful among the gluteal muscles and belongs to the dynamic type in its internal structure. At the same time, the additional gluteus muscle, being a muscle of the dynamo-static type, performs a more static function of the joint, that is, when it is extended, it holds the joint in this position for a longer time. The piriformis and deep gluteus muscles, anchored by the bases at different levels, are synergists in hip abduction.

The vascular system is one of the integrating systems of the human and animal body. The course and branching of the vessels of various areas of the body follows general patterns. However, the variability of the vascular bed is quite high even within a single species of animal. The lack of data on both the topography and the peculiarities of arterial branching makes it difficult to carry out diagnostic and therapeutic manipulations. In addition, the data obtained during the study significantly enrich the available information on the comparative anatomy of the vascular bed. The purpose of the study is to study the main arterial arteries of the American raccoon foot area, to give them a morphometric characteristic. The research was carried out on 4 corpses of an American raccoon, delivered to the Department of Animal Anatomy of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine from veterinary clinics. Classical methods were chosen as research methods: fine anatomical dissection, morphometry, photographing and vasorentgenography. During the study, it was found that two arterial highways are distinguished on the foot of the American raccoon. The dorsal trunk is represented by the dorsal artery of the foot, the plantar trunk is represented by the middle plantar artery. The dorsal artery of the foot passes into the arc artery – the first anastomosis that unites the vessels of the two highways. The middle plantar artery gives rise to the second and third plantar metatarsal arteries and participates in the formation of a deep plantar arch, which is the second major anastomosis of the foot area. Axial and non-axial finger arteries also form collateral blood flow. Analyzing the obtained morphometric data of arterial highways, it follows to conclude that the plantar surface highways have the largest diameter. Thus, the diameter of the middle plantar artery is 1.72 times higher than the same parameter of the dorsal artery of the foot. The largest total diameter is characteristic of the arteries located in the metatarsal region, the smallest in the area of the metatarsal.

The common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) is a sea duck that belongs to the order Anseriformes and the family Anatidae. Due to their lifestyle, they are able to hold their breath for up to 30 minutes and dive to a depth of 10 meters. Such a load on the duck’s body contributes not only to the restructuring of morphological structures, but also to increased heart function. An analysis of the sources showed that the morphology of the heart in mammals and birds has been studied, but no work on the morphology of the right half of the heart in the common goldeneye was found, which was the purpose of our study. The material was hearts from male common goldeneye – 1.5-2 years old (n=3), caught in the bay of the Angara River. Thus, the cardiac index in the common goldeneye was determined to be 83%, and the presence of epicardial fat was noted on the side of the coronary and paroconal sulcus. The right ventricle is located above the level of the apex of the left ventricle, and 70.7% surrounds the borders of the left ventricle. The free appendages of the atrium are formed with the participation of eight pectineal muscles, which in the form of a ridge begin from the muscular valve, and dorsomedially closer to the atrial sinus, become thinner and unite at one point. The length of the pectineal muscle’s ranges at 8.2±0.54 mm, thickness 0.83±0.02 mm. The right ventricle is separated from the atrium by a muscular valve, which has its own characteristics of fastening, where its high part extends from the level of the subsinus groove (interventricular septum), forms the parietal part of the atrioventricular orifice and at the level of the vascular cone narrows slightly and is fixed in two parts to the wall of the ventricle. On the side of the right ventricle, trabeculae are expressed only under the muscular valve, where the crossbars are directed from left to right and downward, from its narrowing. The crossbars are 6.9±0.23 long and 0.83±0.03 mm wide, with jumpers up to 1 mm.

The skin, through its structural features, while performing its functions, participates in the formation and establishment of adaptive processes in the bird’s body in response to the influence of factors of both exogenous and endogenous origin. The purpose of this work was to study the regional and agerelated features of the histostructure of the skin of Hybrid Converter NOVO cross tur keys raised in the conditions of a poultry farm in the Tyumen region. Macroscopic and microscopic studies of the skin of turkey poults were carried out in the laboratory of the Department of Anatomy and Physiology. It has been established that turkey skin has 3 layers: epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis consists of the horny and germinal layers, the dermis of the superficial and deep layers, where feather follicles lie. The stratum corneum of the epidermis is represented by corneocytes, and the germinal layer is represented by keratinocytes. The thickness of the skin of the back is less than that of the abdomen. At the same time, the thickness of the stratum corneum on the back is less than that of the germinal layer up to 105 days of age. On the abdomen, the thickness of the horny and germinal layers is almost the same at all ages. There is a thickening of the stratum corneum on the abdomen compared to the skin of the back. The skin is thickest on the abdomen and gradually thins towards the back. The epidermis is thin. The dermis is characterized by a dense interweaving of collagen fibers. Smooth muscle fibers in the skin and hair follicles develop by 42 days, and increase in volume by 105 days of age. The thinning of the feather cover in the sternum and belly area, caused by mechanical stress when poultry are kept on the floor, contributes to an increase in the absolute thickness of the epidermis in this area (about 3.5 times greater than in the back area), which is associated with its participation in protecting the skin from mechanical impacts damage.

A feature of the training process in riding sports horses is the repeated uneven maximum weight loads on the limbs and, in particular, on their tendon-ligamentous apparatus. The study used the tendons of the superficial flexor of the pectoral and pelvic extremities of sports horses that died from causes unrelated to tendon injuries. Tendinopathy was diagnosed in all animals during their lifetime. Isolated hands of the thoracic limb and feet of the pelvic limb were selected, as well as samples of the tendon of the superficial flexor of the finger of 15 sports horses aged 6 to 15 years. Histological studies were carried out according to a generally accepted technique: the material was fixed in a 10% formalin solution, poured into paraffin, sections were prepared, which were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to identify the general morphological picture, according to Van Gieson to assess the condition of bundles of collagen fibers and alcyan blue to identify glycosaminoglycans. The micropreparations were studied using Jenamed-2 and MicroScreen microscopes. As a result of the conducted research, original data were obtained. Signs of chronic inflammation, numerous foci of tissue destruction in combination with moderate reactive changes in the tissue indicate a long, long-term course of the pathological process. Since the tendon is a moderately vascularized tissue, insufficient perfusion does not allow maintaining redox processes at the required level. Therefore, in conditions where metabolism is restored in well-vascularized skeletal muscles, this process has not yet been completed in tendons. The conditions of hypoxia themselves create a background for the development of connective tissue and sclerosis. It is possible that this is how the signs of sclerosis gradually increase in the epithenonia and perithenonia, as well as in the walls of blood vessels, which were identified in our studies.

Humoral factors such as bactericidal and lysozyme activity are the most significant for the body's resistance. The purpose of the research was to study the nonspecific resistance of sires depending on age, place of adaptation before entering the Russian Federation, origin and breed. The work was carried out at JSC “Head Reproduction Center” (JSC “GCV”) on animals aged from 2 to 9 years in the amount of 34 heads. Such indicators as the percentage of lysis, the amount of lysozyme (mcg) in 1 ml of blood serum, specific units of activity (u.a.) calculated per 1 mg of protein and the bactericidal activity of blood serum as a percentage were studied. Lysozyme (LASK) and bactericidal activity (BASK) were studied using a Multiskan FC microbiological analyzer (Finland). Thus, it has been established that the general resistance of sires depends on age and has significant differences between animals of different age groups. At the age of 2-3 years there is no reliability. Significant differences between bulls according to the parameters we studied begin from 5 years of age at P <0.05 in the concentration of total protein and lysozyme and specific units. A. squirrel. Age range had no effect on BAS. More noticeable significant differences were recorded in animals (of contrasting age periods) in terms of general resistance and had significant differences at the level of P≤0.01 in the percentage of lysis, in the amount of lysozyme in the blood serum (P≤0.001), and specific units of activity (P≤0.001). It was found that sires coming from different regions of Europe (the Netherlands and Germany + Luxembourg) in the same age range do not have significant differences among themselves in the overall resistance of the parameters we studied (BASK and LASK) under the conditions of their operation in the Moscow region RF.

The article discusses the results of calculating reference intervals for thyroid hor mones and cortisol in adult horses. The study included the results of a laboratory study of the concentrations of total triiodothyronine, total and free thyroxine and cortisol from 50 horses aged 3 to 29 years, including 17 mares, 13 stallions and 20 geldings. All animals underwent an extensive biochemical blood test, the results of which revealed no pathological changes.
To calculate the normative limits of fluctuations for each hormone, calculations were carried out using the Tukey method, which is used to determine the reference limits in the case of a small number of variants in the group and the absence of a normal distribution. Microsoft Excel was used for calculations. The conducted studies made it possible to clarify the reference intervals for thyroid hormones and cortisol in horses, which were: total triiodothyronine (T3) - 1.13-4.04 nmol/l, total thyroxine (T4) - 20.97-57.42 nmol/l, free thyroxine (fT4) 7.38-23.07 pmol/l, cortisol – 39.42-227.02 nmol/l. The results obtained can be recommended for use not only for the clinical and biochemical laboratory of St. Petersburg State University of Medicine, but also for all veterinary laboratories using diagnostic test systems for enzyme immunoassay of Vital Development Corporation.

The article presents the features in the skeletotopia of the mental foramen in different animal species (sheep, horse, dog). The research was conducted at the Department of Anatomy and Histology of Animals named after Prof. A.F. Klimov of the K.I. Skryabin Moscow State Automobile Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biology. The object of the study was: sexually mature sheep (Ovis aries) (n=10), domestic horse (Equus caballus) (n=10) and dog (Canis lupus familiaris) (n=10). The material for the research was mandibles (n=30). A comprehensive methodological approach was used, including anatomical preparation and measurement of linear parameters (height of the mandibular body and distance from the chin aperture to the upper edge of the diastema) with subsequent digital processing of the results. Based on these studies, species regularities and peculiarities of anatomical organization of the mental foramen in different taxonomic groups were revealed. At the analysis of the received linear parameters the index of relative height of a chin aperture was calculated, which is a percentage relation of distance from a chin aperture to the top edge of diastema to height of a body of a mandible on which it is established, that on the digital expressions the dog (69) was in the lead, while the sheep (36) had the minimum digital values. Horse (51) occupied an intermediate position according to the studied index. The results obtained can be used in the development of new methods of tooth extirpation, in the performance of local anesthesia of the trigeminal nerve in veterinary dentistry, as well as in the identification of the animal species by the head skeleton.

Currently, infectious polyarthritis in cats is a very urgent problem in veterinary medicine. Worldwide, one of the most common causes of cat euthanasia is polyarthritis of unexplained etiology, which is not amenable to empirical and symptomatic treatment. The difficulty in diagnosing polyarthritis in cats lies in the large number of infectious agents that can penetrate into joint tissues with blood and lymph flow, while not all regions of the world have a full-fledged diagnosis of these diseases. The second reason complicating the diagnosis of polyarthritis in cats is the absence of infectious agents in the synovial fluid during its examination by various methods such as PCR, bacteriological culture, and ELISA diagnostics. The aim of the study was to consider an open method of biopsy of intraarticular structures in cats with infectious polyarthritis and to identify the safest places of material selection for patients with anatomical and topographic justification. The study was conducted in the Network of veterinary centers "Kotonai" and at the Department of Animal Anatomy of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. The object of the study was cats in the number of six individuals. The average age of the patients ranged from 3 months to 9 years. There were no severe postoperative complications requiring repeated treatment in the studied patients. The clinical result in these cases can be called positive, despite the presence of minor complications in the early postoperative period. The diagnosis in most patients was established on the basis of examination of biopsies of the articular capsule and articular cartilage. For the collection of material in cats with polyarthritis and altered anatomy in the joint area, the safest localization is craniolateral access to the wrist joint, caudolateral access to the hock joint and cranial access to the hock joint.

The cardiovascular system of humans and animals is a complex of organs that ensure the supply of all parts of the body (with a few exceptions) with necessary substances and remove waste products. It is the cardiovascular system that provides all parts of the body with the necessary oxygen and is the basis of life. Currently, research into the problems of maintaining an optimal level of well-being, assessing the functional state and improving the adaptive capabilities of animals continues to be relevant. A significant direction in this area is the study of the activity of the cardiovascular system (CVS), the parameters of which are characterized by high reactivity and an important role in the implementation of adaptive mechanisms of the animal body. Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death in most cases in both humans and animals. In many ways, the solution to this problem depends on timely and effective diagnosis of changes in the myocardium. The main goal of the research work is to establish indicators of cardiohemodynamic values and analyze them in horses. In our studies, to measure and further analyze indicators of central and peripheral hemodynamics, we used a hardware-software complex for non-invasive study of central hemodynamics using the method of volumetric compression oscillometry KAP TsGosm-“Globus” (oscillometric analyzer of blood circulation indicators). In horses, during the study, average numerical values of myocardial-hemodynamic parameters were obtained: different types of blood pressure, vascular characteristics and indicators of cardiac activity. Mathematical analysis of hemodynamic indicators established the values of cardiohemodynamic indicators. In this regard, it is advisable to include the assessment of these parameters in the basic set of methods for diagnosing heart diseases in horses. The study of the cardiovascular system is of great importance in veterinary treatment and prophylactic work.

Saving and multiplying the existing livestock population is an important strategic objective that ensures the country's food security and levelling the dependence on imports of genetically valuable highly productive animals. Obtaining farm animal embryos in vitro is one of the methods of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), which can be used both lifetime and post-mortem. This method allows to optimise breeding work with livestock in a short period of time due to the large number of offspring obtained from highly productive individuals. Aim and objectives: to investigate the effect of bovine estrous serum on meiotic oocyte maturation and early embryogenesis prior to blastocyst development, when added to oocyte-cumulus complexes (OCC) maturation medium. A blind randomised controlled trial was conducted on the effect of bovine estral serum on blastocyst development when added to OCC maturation medium. Estral serum was obtained from the blood of clinically healthy cows with pronounced signs of puberty. The study was carried out in conditions of industrial livestock breeding. The material for the study were oocyte-cumulus complexes obtained by the method of lifetime aspiration from 89 Holstein cows with milk productivity of more than 10 thousand kg per lactation. Oocyte-cumulus complexes were divided into 2 groups: Group 1 (control) - oocyte maturation was carried out in commercial IVM medium without addition of estrous serum, Group 2 (experiment) - oocyte maturation was carried out in commercial IVM medium with addition of es trous serum in concentration from 5 to 15%. The hormones, growth factors and biologically active substances contained in estrous serum have no effect on the achievement of OCC at the stage of metaphase II of meiosis, as well as at the stage of fractions; moreover, a negative effect at these stages of development can be traced. However, substances contained in estrous serum are able to saturate and accumulate in OCC at the stage of maturation to metaphase II of meiosis, thus enhancing the potential of oocytes to embryonic development and further positively affect their achievement of the blastocyst stage. The difference in the formation of blastocysts from crushed embryos reaches more than 25%, and the difference in the formation of blastocysts from viable JCCs matured in media without serum and modified with estrous serum is 37.5% in favour of the latter.

Modern dairy enterprises suffer financial losses due to the high morbidity of the dairy herd after calving. The current study presents the distribution of the extracellular matrix of the ratio of mesenchymal elements of the placenta in cows during physiological and complicated labor with retained placenta. Caruncle and cotyledon tissues were collected every 6 hours after spontaneous labor until the membranes were released. Depending on the time of release of membranes after birth, the samples were classified as follows: 1 - control group, in which the membranes were released within 6 hours after birth, considered complete, spontaneous and physiological (Partus normalis); 2 - experimental group, in which the membranes were released 9-12 hours after the fetus was delivered, the birth was considered pathological with retention of the placenta (Retenzio sekundarium). Identification of changes in the content of vimentin-containing elements involves the development of a system for express diagnostics of reproductive pathologies in dairy cattle during labor and after calving. Samples of placenta from cows undergoing physiological labor and placenta retention were subjected to standard histological procedures. Paraffin sections of the placenta, 5 µm thick, were mounted on glasses treated with poly-L-lysine (Menzel). Using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence double staining, the immunolocalization of antibodies to vimentin was studied using clone EPR3776 (rabbit, monoclonal, Taiwan, GeneTex, Int. Corp). The localization of the content of intermediate filaments of the mesenchymal phenotype in the cow placenta was studied, in which the presence of a large number of small capillaries was revealed both in the villi of the cotyledons and in the caruncular crypts during normal pregnancy and childbirth, as well as the equilibrium ratio of mesenchymal structures in the placenta. In childbirth complicated by placenta retention, a decrease in the vascularization of chorionic villi in the cotyledons and degradation of filaments involved in the formation of cellular contacts between the cytotrophoblasts of the chorionic villi of the cotyledons of the fetal part of the placenta and endothelial and epithelial cells of the crypts of the caruncles of the maternal part of the placenta were demonstrated. Pronounced expression of vimentin was found in the cells lining the crypts of caruncles, as well as in the cytoplasmic membrane of villous cytotrophoblasts. A study of the ratio of mesenchymal elements using the immunofluorescent method of double staining of antibodies to vimentin showed that a significant decrease in them both in the cytotrophoblasts of cotyledons and in the epithelial cells of caruncles is observed in the placenta of cows with the development of a state of placental insufficiency, leading to a complication of labor by retention of the placenta. The present study provides the first evidence that vimentin is expressed in bovine placentomes during the gestational, prenatal, and parturient periods and suggests that this filament may, in combination with steriodogenic homones, mediate the separation of the fetal placenta from the maternal placenta.

The purpose of the studies was to substantiate the use of reduced concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone to induce superovulation in highly productive cows and heifers. The research was carried out in one of the farms in the Leningrad region. After analyzing breeding cards and based on ultrasound visualization of the reproductive organs, promising animal embryo donors were selected - cows after the first calving and heifers that had reached physiological maturity, Holstein breed. According to the principle of analogues, groups of experimental animals Ⅰ and Ⅱ were formed, which included cows, and groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ, which included heifers, eight and six animals each, respectively. To induce multiple ovulation, hormonal treatment regimens were used, presented in Table 1. Hormonal treatment regimens were compiled in accordance with methodological recommendations on the procedure and conditions for applying the method of cattle embryo transplantation, as well as in accordance with the results of previously conducted studies and analysis of literary sources. As a result of the studies, it was established that all experimental animals responded equally to the hormonal regimen recommended by the manufacturer of exogenous gonadotropins and the experimental regimen, with a reduced concentration of the latter. It was revealed that there were no significant differences in the number of corpora lutea in the groups of cows and heifers when using a standard scheme for stimulating polyovulation and with a reduced content of follicle-stimulating hormone. There was also no difference between the experimental groups of cows and heifers in the number of embryos obtained. Analyzing the data obtained, we can conclude that it is advisable to use reduced concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins to stimulate multiple ovulation in highly productive cows and heifers.

Improving the reproductive functions of dairy cows may be possible through the use of marker-associated breeding. The FGF2 gene is a candidate gene for bovine fertility, in early pregnancy and affects fetal embryonic development and embryonic mortality. The study of the interaction of the gene of the basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2 – SNP11646 [A → G]) and economic indicators was carried out on 270 full-aged cows of Holstein population of indigenous selection of Breeding Farm Integrated Agricultural Production Center of the Republic of Tatarstan. In the observed population, the G allele (0.591) and the AG genotype (42.6%) are the most common, and the genetic balance, according to the Hardy-Weinberg law, is preserved. Pearson's consensus criterion is 2χ=3.84, respectively, the expected distribution of FGF2 gene alleles in the study group coincides with the observed one. The maximum live weight at the first fruitful insemination was in full–aged cows carrying the homozygous allele A at the FGF2 gene locus – 435.5 kg, which is higher than in livestock with the GG genotype – by 17.7 kg (4.2 %; p < 0.01). The Doha fertility index for the studied population is average. It was revealed during the study that the level of fertility, with a high degree of reliability, is higher in individuals with the AG genotype – 6.2%, for the same group the earliest age of the first fruitful insemination was noted. A high level of maleness leads to milk losses in cows heterozygous for the FGF2 gene locus, exceeding milk losses observed for the AA genotype by 32.7 % (p < 0.001). There is an inverse correlation between high milk productivity and reproduction traits of cattle, which affects the economic efficiency of dairy production.

The purpose of this study is to test and comparatively evaluate the method of morphological examination of ram sperm using a differentiated staining Sperm Blue and Romanovsky-Giemsa staining. The sperm of Dorper rams was collected and examined. The obtained samples (n=10) were diluted in a ratio of 1:100 (PBS solution) to conduct a morphological assessment of sperm. Two methods were used for the morphological assessment of spermatozoa: a set of differentiated staining Sperm Blue (Microptic, exposure of the smear in the fixative – 10 minutes, in the main dye - 18 minutes) and Romanovsky-Giemsa staining (exposure of the smear in the fixative - 10 minutes, in the main dye – 20 minutes). After routine staining, the smears were washed with distilled water, dried, and microscopy was performed (magnification using a 100x10 immersion objective, oil immersion), followed by a manual method of counting the number of morphological forms of sperm. According to the results of a comparative analysis of stained smears, staining with Sperm Blue allows for a detailed morphological study and differentiation of teratozoospermic characteristics. When stained with Romanovsky-Giemsa, normal spermatozoa were clearly visible, but the acrosome was poorly visualized. Manual calculation of the percentage of normal sperm using both dyes resulted in the same decimal result. A statistically insignificant difference in head and tail defects was found between the dyes used (p = 0.41 and p = 0.77, respectively): Romanovsky-Giemsa staining (7.8% and 34.1%) detected these defects more often than Sperm Blue (6.3% and 32.9%). Considering the results obtained, the use of the Sperm Blue dyes dye in veterinary andrology is relevant, in particular for assesment the morphology of sperm of different animal species with the further development of appropriate protocols in terms of the duration of exposure of the smears themselves to the main dye.

At the Ilizarov Centre, various techniques of transosseous osteosynthesis of the hip for traumatic dislocations of the femoral head have been developed and introduced into veterinary practice. Clinical use of external fixation has demonstrated both advantages and disadvantages of a number of techniques. In order to optimize, while preserving the anatomical structures of the joint, some changes in the technique were made. The technique with a hinged connection between the external supports of the pelvis and thigh has found application to a greater extent. The hinged connection of the pelvic and femoral supports was replaced with an immobilizing structure, and the hip fixation became less traumatic. 20 dogs of different breeds and different sizes were operated on, using the proposed optimized technique. To fix the hip, transosseous osteosynthesis of the pelvis according to Ilizarov and external osteosynthesis of the femur were performed. Transosseous osteosynthesis was performed no later than 3 days after injury. Immobilization of the hip was performed within the periods of 21 to 35 days. The assessment of the functions of the pelvic limbs was determined by clinical research methods. A detailed description of the technique for performing external fixation of the hip is provided in the article. The good results of using this technique with restoration of the functions of the pelvic limb have been clinically confirmed. Scientific data on experimental modeling of arthroses are presented and temporary stabilization of the joint is
justified. The main advantage of the proposed technique is short-term immobilization of the hip in a physiological position without compression with maintaining the blood supply to the femoral head and in conformity with the viability of the articular cartilage.

Relevance and goals. Tail amputation or surgical correction in domestic animals, especially in horses, is not accepted by society and is prohibited by law in many countries, except when performed for medicinal purposes. They are not encouraged by the rules and regulations of international sports and breeding associations, as mutilating, and have a very limited distribution. The authors of the historical sources we have taken agree that the operation of tail amputation in horses in the middle of the 17th century was already a common procedure performed quite successfully. By studying and comparing these sources, features and differences in anatomical description, surgical techniques, and postoperative care, one can come closer to understanding the development of veterinary medicine in Europe and Russia at that time.
Materials and methods. A number of printed European sources of the 17th-18^th centuries were analyzed, which contain descriptions of surgical procedures aimed at correcting the length and position of a horse's tail. Among the selected sources are books in English and Spanish, including books translated into Russian, published in printed form and representing guides for specialists and animal owners.
Results. The sources we have studied present two main operations on the horse’s tail. These are tail amputation (caudotomy) and tail myotomy. We studied anatomical descriptions of the structure of the horse's tail, indications of the qualifications of surgeons, descriptions of surgical techniques, methods of fixing animals, postoperative care and complications.

Hoof health and regular hoof care are fundamental to all horses and help prevent injury and disease. Lameness is the main clinical sign, when identified, owners are horrified to realize that this can lead to a stop in the training process and, as a result, significant economic losses. Hoof diseases are one of the most common causes of lameness. Therefore, maintaining all components of the hoof in a healthy condition remains an important task facing owners. To conduct the study during 2023, an orthopedic examination and routine hoof trimming of 800 horses were carried out in the conditions of equestrian centers of the St. Petersburg and Leningrad region. This study was aimed at studying the distribution of diseases of the distal limb and determining the most common pathology. A study was conducted to study the seasonal manifestations of hoof rot in horses. Based on the research conducted, an analysis of the data obtained was made. After an orthopedic examination of 800 animals, 230 were diagnosed with diseases of the distal limbs of various etiologies, of which frog rot was detected in 89 animals. This pathology can progress and cause irreversible lameness if it is not diagnosed in a timely manner and appropriate measures are not taken to stop the pathological focus. Rotting of the frog is a very common headache for both owners and hoof care professionals. Therefore, the issue of prevention and early detection of the disease is relevant for research and economically justifiable for owners of expensive animals.

Hematological paraneoplastic syndromes are common but poorly studied complications in veterinary oncology, manifested by a variety of hematological changes associated with the system effects of malignant neoplasms on the animal's body. The article presents the results of studying hematological paraneoplastic syndromes, the research involves 131 dogs with spontaneous malignant neoplasms. We used a comprehensive methodological approach, including clinical, instrumental, morphological and hematological research methods. During the morphological study we found out that carcinomas were diagnosed in 33.6% of cases in dogs, of which breast carcinoma was registered in 24.4%, in other cases lung, liver, kidney and abdominal lesions were noted. We also discovered: sarcomas in 22.1% of cases, including hemangiosarcoma of the spleen in 7.6%; and gastrointestinal lymphoma in 16.8% of cases and lymph nodes; in 16.8% of mastocytomas. in 4.6% of melanomas of the skin and mucous membranes; squamous cell carcinoma in 6.1% of cases. As a result of hematological studies, it was revealed that anemia syndrome (18.4%), lymphopenia (16.8%) and thrombocytopenia (15.4%) are the most frequent changes in clinical blood analysis in dogs with oncological diseases. Neutrophilic leukocytosis, leukopenia and thrombocytosis had an identical incidence, which was 12.2% of cases. Monocytosis and lymphocytosis were diagnosed less frequently, in 4.6% of cases. Leukogram changes were observed in 75.4% of cases: in 66.2%, an increase in the percentage of neutrophils was found, with a shift to the left in 38.5% of cases, a decrease in the percentage of lymphocytes in 18.5% of cases, monocytes in 6.2% of cases, eosinophils in 4.6% of cases. The frequency of hematological changes in the general clinical blood analysis of dogs depended on the histogenesis of the tumor. Hematological paraneoplastic syndromes can be used as an early marker of the oncological process, and they can also prevent timely prescription of treatment. Anemia and thrombocytopenia are absolute contraindications for chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

Lung cancer (LC) is malignant epithelial tumors that differ in origin, histological structure, clinical course, and treatment results. Lung cancer ranks first in terms of male morbidity in Russia, and in terms of mortality in the world. In animals, LC is diagnosed much less frequently, but with an increase in the number of animals kept in cities, the incidence of LC increases, since companion animals are exposed to the same risk factors as humans. We conducted a retrospective analysis of the medical records of 43 animals (28 cats and 15 dogs) admitted to the VEGA veterinary clinics for treatment in the period from 2020 to 2023. The criterion for the inclusion of animals in the study was a tumor process in the thoracic cavity and lungs, diagnosed by instrumental and laboratory methods. High-dose intravenous chemotherapy, which is used in humans, is ineffective in the treatment of LC in animals, therefore, it is necessary to search, develop and introduce into clinical practice targeted drugs that will be effective in animals. Since the most widely used group of targeted drugs in human medicine are low-molecular kinase inhibitors that act on the corresponding molecular target in the tumor, the development of molecular genetic methods available for practical use by veterinary oncologists for the study of tumor cells in animals is relevant in veterinary medicine. The choice of treatment methods and prognosis depend on the stage of the disease, therefore, the issue of introducing biomarkers of various types and stages of oncological processes into veterinary practice deserves research. Also, to improve the effectiveness of treatment, it is recommended to conduct research and develop a lung cancer staging scale for cats.

In the period from 2020 to 2023 was conducted a retrospective study of animal disease histories with lung neoplasia. 43 animals (15 dogs and 28 cats) were included in the study. Neoplasms were identified by instrumental and histopathological methods. Malignant lung tumors have different histological structure, differ in clinical course and treatment results. Surgery is the method of choice for dogs and cats with primary lung tumors. In humans, the surgical method is one of the main methods of treating lung cancer (LC). Since in 70% of cases LC develops without clinical signs, most cases of the trachea, bronchi and lung tumors are detected at IV stage not only in animals, but also in humans, which makes radical surgery impossible. The development of molecular biology methods leads to the development of new treatment methods based on the use of more effective antitumor drugs. One of the innovative methods of cancer treatment is targeted therapy. Molecular-oriented drugs block the growth of cancer cells by interfering with the mechanism of action of specific target molecules necessary for carcinogenesis and tumor growth. In veterinary medicine, surgical and chemotherapeutic methods of treatment are mainly used, while the latter does not show sufficient effectiveness. At the same time, in humane medicine for the treatment of lung cancer widely use targeted therapy, the effect of which is more accurate and effective. There is not much information in the available literature on the use of targeted therapy in animals and there are practically no studies on the treatment of inoperable LC in cats, which makes it relevant to conduct clinical studies on the use of targeted drugs in companion animals.

In conditions of intensification of the dairy cattle industry, persistent stress of metabolic processes in the cow's body can lead to metabolic disorders and the development of ketosis. Scientists have established the genetic susceptibility of cows to ketosis. The available data allow us to consider the leptin gene (LEP) as one of the candidate genes. The purpose of the study is to carry out an associative analysis of the predisposition to ketosis of Kostroma cows of different genotypes according to the leptin gene. The research was carried out in 2022-2023 yy on clinically healthy and highly productive fresh cows of third lactation and higher of the kostroma breed (n=167) in pedigree farms of the Kostroma region. In animals in the postpartum period, the content of ketone bodies in the blood was determined by express method and the RT-PCR genotypes were determined by the R25C locus of the LEP gene. Groups of cows were formed depending on the content of ketone bodies in the blood: 1st – 0-1.2 mmol/l (healthy), 2^nd – above 1.2 mmol/l (subclinical ketosis). It was found out that among the experimental cows of the Kostroma breed, the CT genotype is characterized by the highest frequency. The almost complete absence of differences in the concentration of ketone bodies in the blood between carriers of different LEP genotypes from group 1 was determined. At the same time, among the animals of the 2nd group, the highest level of ketone bodies in the blood was observed in heterozygous animals, whereas carriers of the CC and TT genotypes did not differ from each other in this indicator. Heterozygous animals classified as subclinical ketosis had the highest average ketone concentration in the blood with the highest coefficient of variation (Cv=51.6%), which indicates a pronounced influence of other genetic factors. Thus, the role of LEP R25C polymorphism in the predisposition of cows to ketosis disease has not been established in this sample of animals, but may be supplemented by the influence of other factors, these hypotheses need to be tested in a larger sample and in other breeds of cattle. These data can be used to conduct such exploratory studies, such as the research of complex genotypes of genes that cause predisposition of cattle to ketosis.

Lymphoma (lymphosarcoma) is a malignant lesion of the lymphatic system. At the moment, cases of lymphoma among small pets have become more frequent. In this regard, literature data were studied and a chemotherapy protocol for dogs with lymphoma was developed. The study involved 20 companion dogs who were treated from September 2021 to September 2022. To make an accurate diagnosis, a history of life and anamnesis of animal disease was collected, computed tomography was performed to assess the extent of the lesion and the metastatic potential of lymphoma, and a biopsy was taken for histological examination. After receiving data confirming lymphoma, 10 companion dogs were prescribed a course of chemotherapy using the drugs etoposide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone (newly developed HOPE protocol), which were administered once a week for 19 weeks. In parallel, studies were carried out on 10 companion dogs during the same period of time, which were treated according to the well-known CHOP protocol, using cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone, which is the standard treatment for lymphoma. According to the results of the study, we found that the median survival of dogs with lymphoma treated with the HOPE protocol was 302 days, and the life expectancy under the CHOP protocol was 235 days, while the animals experienced the occurrence of cystitis, polyuria and polydipsia, which was not manifested during treatment the HOPE protocol.