Salmonellosis, as zooantroponoze infection, continues to be one of the actual problem of modern poultry. Among the Salmonella serotypes isolated in Russia, Salmonella enteritidis occupies a dominant position, followed by Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella infantis. A characteristic feature of this disease in birds is that the infected individuals continue to release the pathogen into the environment and thus pose a serious danger to consumers, since the human body is extremely susceptible to Salmonella. The main objective of our research was to study the variety range of circulating Salmonella serovariants in poultry farms. Samples for assay were received from various biological material from alive and dead birds. A total of 200 different samples from 7 poultry farms were examined. Detection and genotyping of causative agents of avian salmonellosis was carried out using molecular biological method - polymerase chain reaction. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has several advantages because it combines speed and ease of execution, as well as potentially high specificity and sensitivity. For this reaction, specific primers developed by us earlier were used. As a result of the research, it was found presence of a specific DNA fragment with a length of 500 BP, that indicates the presence in the studied material of S. enteritidis DNA, and a DNA fragment with a length of 250 BP for S. typhimurium DNA. The presence of serovariant S. infantis in the DNA sample is confirmed by the detection of a fragment length of 324 Bp. The results of the study showed that serovariant S. enteritidis were detected in 54 samples, S. typhimurium 33 samples, and serovariant S. infantis in 32 samples.

Ulcerative lesions of the gastric mucosa in pigs are recorded regardless of age, gender and breed in all industrial pig breeding systems. It is believed that the most common cause of peptic ulcer in pigs is feed factors associated with the physical qualities of the feed, technological stress, metabolic disorders, and poisoning. Peptic ulcer is a disease of the stomach of pigs of different age groups, of different sex and breed, it is widely spread among piglets, especially during the growing and fattening period (3-6 months). Etiological and pathogeneticfactors for stomach ulcer in pigs remain unclear. The aim of this work was to study the spread of Helicobacter pylori in pigs by laboratory and molecular genetic methods in the pig breeding complex of Kamsky Bacon LLC of the Republic of Tatarstan, as well as to study the possible relationship between the presence of bacteria and the presence of pathology of the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. We used macroscopic, microscopic, cultural, biochemical and molecular genetic methods to study the prevalence and special features of Helikobacter infection in the stomach mucosa of pigs. As a result of the assessment of the macroscopic changes in the stomach mucosa of pigs it was found that there are patho-anatomical changes in 62% of the studied cases, characterized by the presence of hyperkeratosis and erosions. Bacteria of the genus Helicobacterspp. ,was isolated from the stomach mucosa samples by laboratory methods. Molecular-genetic method of revealedH. suis DNA, and the samples were negative for H. pylori DNA genes

The purpose of the work was to study the grag Iversan, containing 40.0 mg of ivermectin in 1.0 ml against equine gasterophilosis. Three groups of naturally infested horses were formed. Animals were of various breeds, from 200 to 600 kg, from 12 months to 17 years. Eggs and larvae of Gasterophilus botfly were detected visually. Animals from Group 1 were given the solution at a dose of 1 ml per 200 kg of body weight (200 μg ivermectin per 1 kg of animal weight) individually, orally with water from a syringe along the margo interalveolaris on the base of tongue. Horses of Group 2 were given the drug with feed individually, once, in the same dose which was calculated individually and mixed with a small amount of oats (50-70 g). The horses of the control group (3) did not received the drug. Before the solution administration and 10 days after animals of experimental groups (1 and 2) were blood sampled. Within 14 days after the drug was used, oral cavity mucous membranes of horses had been examined. It was found that tested solution used orally, once, has a pronounced therapeutic effect against equine gasterophilosis. No itching, irritation or swelling of the skin and mucous membranes, no hyperemia and other signs of an allergic reaction of the organism were found. The drug had no side effects, which was confirmed by the results of clinical blood test and blood chemistry of animals.

The study of the corpses of chickens of Czech Golden breed, died at the age of 7 months, belonged to a private farm located in the Leningrad Region was carried out in a prosectorium of the Department of Pathological Anatomy and Forensic, St. Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine using a method of incomplete helminthological autopsy according to K. I. Skryabin. We found the presence of nodules on the mucous membrane of the esophagus, its hyperemia, erosion (in some places), thickening and protrusion of the walls of the esophagus, and hyperemia and swelling of the mucous membrane of the small and large intestines, the presence of a large volume of mucus in their contents. This method allowed us to identify only the largest helminths (Ascaridia galli), but did not give us a complete picture of the parasitofauna of dead birds. An additional parasitological study of cadaver material was carried out in the laboratory for the study of parasitic diseases at the Department of Parasitology. For coprological studies, 5 g of the content of the large intestine of the dead bird were taken and examined using the Darling’s method with an improved composition of flotation liquid. Scrapes from the mucous membrane of the small and large intestines, taken in areas of its hyperemia, edema, impaired integrity, were placed on fat-free glass slides, fixed with ethanol and stained according to Romanovsky-Giemsa. Eimeria maxima oocysts, helminth eggs of A. galli and Capilaria sp. (Thominx sp.) were found due to the flotation method. Microscopy of smears revealed the endogenous stages of the development of eimeria - meronts and merozoites. Using the diagnostic method, used mainly for intravital confirmation of the diagnosis, it was possible to detect a number of pathogens that were not detected visually during the autopsy. Post-mortem diagnosis, including the traditional method of incomplete helminthological autopsy according to K. I. Scryabin and coprological methods, in particular Darling’s one with an improved flotation liquid, gives a more complete picture of the parasitofauna of the died organism, which is necessary for making an accurate diagnosis.

Red deer (Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758) is not only a valuable gameanimal, but also an object of agricultural activity. Samples of fecal masses from 12 marals (Siberian subspecies of red deer - Cervus elaphus sibiricus) kept in a private farm in the Tula Region were collected immediately after defecation in September 2019 and delivered to the Laboratory for the Study of Parasitic Diseases at the base of the Parasitology Department of St. Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine within 24 hours. The material was studied by ovo-, larvo- and helminthoscopy (Darling’s method + sequential washing method, Wajda’s method, macroscopic examination, respectively). The obtained temporary micropreparations (slides) were studied by light-field microscopy in transmitted light using the Mikmed-6 microscope (LOMO) with lenses magnification from x4 to x100. Detected parasitic objects were photographed using a 5D Mark II camera (Canon) connected to the microscope by an optical-mechanical adapter (lOmo). The linear sizes of parasites were determined in the ImageJ (Fuji) program with calibration by an object-micrometer (LOMO). Identification of the detected parasites was carried out by checking the descriptions by S. N. Boev, M. V. Krylov, and P. A. Polyakov. Gastrointestinal nematodes of the Strongylida (prevalence rates (PR) = 100%), neuromuscular nematodes of the Elaphostrongylus cervi (PR = 75%), respiratory nematodes of the Dictyocaulus viviparus (PR = 75%), and coccidia of Eimeria spp. (PR = 75%) parasitizing in the gastrointestinal tract of red deer were found. The discovered parasitic fauna is typical for deer and does not pose a danger to humans. Elaphostrongylosis and dictyocaulosis can lead to a significant decrease in the productivity and death of red deer.

Earlier, we studied biopsy specimens of the duodenum in dogs with invasion of Cystoisospora spp. and Giardia spp. For izosporosis, duodenitis with moderate changes were established in accordance with the recommendations of the WSAVA Gastrointestinal Standardization Group. Parazitation causes the development of gastrointestinal tract disorders with signs of a moderate and severe inflammatory process. At the same time, in animals invaded by Giardia spp., we did not get a direct connection between the severity of lesions of the small intestine during parasitism of protozoa and clinical manifestations, especially connection with the severity and frequency of diarrhea. The purpose of the study is the experimental use of additional antibiotic or chemotherapy for dogs with giardiosis and cryptosporosis in order to achieve a reduction in the time of recovery period. Compared with indicators before treatment, biochemical parameters after antibiotical therapy of giardiosis and cystoisosporosis returned to normal on the 30th day. The level of albumin in dogs with cystoisosporosis has not fully recovered. This is due to the development of inflammation of the mucous membrane of the small intestine and impaired absorption of proteins from food. In control groups, without additional drug therapy, were stated protein and cholesterol deficiency, the urea level also did not recover. In experimental group, antibiotic therapy were prolonged for 6 months in 6% of cases, and gastrointestinal tract malfunctions were clinically manifested. Repeated studies of protozoonosis were negative. No similar violations were observed in prebiotic groups. Therefore, antibiotic therapy of dogs with giardiosis and cystoisisporosis allows the invasive dogs to recover faster.

This paper discusses the features of clinical and patho-morphological changes caused by parasites of eimeriidoses and helminthosis in arctic foxes and foxes in fur farms of the North-West region of the Russian Federation. Parasitic diseases among fur animals are very widespread. It is stated by large number of publications of domestic and foreign scientists. The pathological effect of endopara-sites in the body of fur animals consists of mechanical, toxic and inoculative effects. As the result of their invasion, mucus accumulations are found in the intestinal contents, sometimes with bloody inclusions. At the same time, subacute catarrhal hemorrhagic enteritis is noted, which is manifested by areas of hyperemia and edema of the mucous membrane of the small intestine, desquamation of the epithelium and inflamatory violation of the structure of the villi. Laboratory parasitological studies were conducted at the Department of Parasitology V.L. Yakimova St. Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine. To determine the extent of invasion (El), were used the species composition of coccidioocysts, the classical Darling flotation method with a universal flotation diagnostic fluid. Totally, in periode 2012-2018, the coprological method were used to examine 1,186 arctic foxes and 415 foxes of different ages in fur farms in the North-West region of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the El of arctic foxes was 45.11%. We have identified the following parasites: 3 species of isospores - I. vulpina, I. buriatica, I. canivelocis and 3 types of helminths: T. leonina, T. canis, D. latum. Moreover, among the identified endoparasites, helminths prevailed over protozoozes 52.89% and 47.11%. Among 415 foxes examined, 216 were infected, EI was 52.05%. In foxes, among the protozoozes, the same species of isospores were found as in arctic foxes, but helminths fauna was represented by three species - Toxascaris leonina, Toxocaracanis, Trichocephalusvulpis. Moreover, the severity of clinical manifestations and pathological effects of the animal organism is individual and depends on the following factors: the body's resistance and its immune status. Emeriidoses and helminthosis, as well as their associations in arctic foxes and silver-black foxes, occur with typical clinical signs: decreased appetite and fatness, depression and diarrhea, fecal masses are dark in color, with a putrefactive odor and inclusions of mucus and blood. The corpses of dead and forced animals were autopsied, intestinal samples were histologically stained with hematoxylin - eosin. An autopsy revealed pathological changes characterized by catarrhal hemorrhagic enteritis, dystrophy of the parenchymal organs. A histological examination of the affected area of the cecum revealed hyperplasia and goblet cell hypertrophy, while the intestinal villi were with severe blood vessels and increased mitotic activity was noted. Also parasitifor vacuoles were found, it indicates the endogenous stages of development of protozoa.

The article provides information that the indicators of the extent of the invasion of caryophilesis of Terek trout, Ciscaucasia pinch, North Caucasian bleak, and eastern bumpkin were directly dependent on the pollution index of the Terek, Sulak, Samur, Kizlyar, and Aksai rivers. As can be seen, with a pollution index of 0.92 %, the Terek trout( near the mouth of the river) had EI of caryophilesis of 39.00%, the Sulak River, respectively, 0.84 and 31.50%, the Samur River - 0.78.and 28.00%, the River Kizlyar - 0.71 and 20.50%, the Aksai River - 0.80 and 25.00% (EI on average, 36.00%). In the Terek, Sulak, Samur, Kizlyar and Aksai rivers, the rates of caryophilesis invasion in the Pre-Caucasian shipovka were 32 % respectively 24.50%; 21.00%; 20.00%; 22.50%, North Caucasian bleak - 23.50; 21.00; 18.00; 14.00; 16.50%, oriental sculpin - 33.00; 30.50; 24.00; 20.50; 23.00%, which indicates the insemination of these natural reservoirs in relation to dangerous Cestodose invasion.

The species composition of parasitic worms in fish in the Russian Federation has a rich biodiversity, and consists of 96 species. This work is based on materials of our own research conducted in the main rivers of Dagestan: Terek, Sulak, Samur, Aksai, Kuma. In this case, the method of complete helminthological dissection of fish was used according to the method of K.I. Scriabin, modified for fish V.A. Dogel (1970). During the period of work, 480 pcs were investigated. Terek barbel. Microspores from each fish detected during autopsy of cysts were counted and the average invasion intensity (ind./ pcs) was calculated and the invasion intensity (%) was calculated in the context of the region’s water bodies. The fish underwent an incomplete parasitological dissection according to the method of Z.S. Donets, S.S. Shulman (1978) with emphasis on muscle tissue, gills, internal organs, the oral cavity, with microscopy of the contents of the gall and bladder. Data from parasitological studies of Kutum in the river. Terek, Sulak, Samur, Aksai, Kuma were subjected to statistical processing using the Biometrics computer program. At Kutum at the river basin of Terek, in Dagestan were identified 25 species of parasites. At river Sulak - 25 species, at the river Samur - 24, at the river Aksai - 23 species, at the river Kuma - 24 species, everywhere with indicators of weak, medium and high level of invasion.. In the rivers of the Kutum regione, the representatives were of the genus Myxobolus, having the highest biodiversity of parasites - 7 species (Myxobolus kubanicus, Myxobolus ellipsoides, Myxobolus dogieli, Myxosoma bran-chialis, Myxobolus dispar, Myxobolus dameudorus pseudorus Dameudorus pseudodus Dameudodomus Dameudodus nobilie, Dactylorus aristichthys, Dactylorus ctenopharyngodonis, Dactylorus vastulae) and the less diverse species of the genus Trichodina - 2 species (Trichodina nigra, Trichodina reticulata), the genus Trichodinella - 2 species (Trichodinella bulbosa, Trichodinella epizootica). All species recorded, all season.

Coccidiosis is a common disease, the causative agent of which are parasites from the genus Eimeria, the order Coccidia. Annually, this disease causes enormous economic damage to industrial poultry. The Indian-breeding industry is no exception. The most susceptible to the disease are young individuals at the age of about 6 weeks. Coccidia parasitize in the gastrointestinal tract of birds, disrupting the digestive process in various parts of the intestine, and even can cause death of birds. Effective methods of treatment of coccidiosis have not yet been developed, so the single way to stop it is -preventive measures, constant monitoring of circulating species of Eimeria on the territory of poultry farms, the use of drugs coccidiostatics- to prevent outbreaks of the disease and vaccination with attenuated live vaccines. Studies were carried out to determine the species composition of coccidia cultures from two farms of the Leningrad region. Studies were carried out from the biological material (droppings) of turkey. From the obtained material, a culture of coccidia was isolated according to generally accepted methods. The species belonging of the isolated Eimeria, their morphological and biometric properties were determined. Identification were based on the clinical, pathological, morphological and biometric characteristics. As a result of the assays, the species composition and territorial distnbution of turkey Eimeria in the Leningrad region were determined. Species have been identified: E. adenoeides, E. meleagrimitis. This is one of the most pathogenic species of coccidia, which are quite widespread in poultry farms around the world. It is necessary to monitor regularly the condition of these turkey farms for coccidiosis in order to plan its prevention as effectively as possible.

Diagnosis of babesiosis according to the results of studies of fixed and stained blood smears and currently remains one of the main methods nowadays. Therefore, the search for alternative dyes to reduce the time of staining blood smears, increase their diagnostic quality, reduce the cost of diagnostic measures, adapt the research methodology for production conditions, and also reduce the toxic effect of reagents on the researcher is relevant. The paper presents materials on the use for the diagnosis of babesiosis of animals of an alternative vital dye, which is brilliantcresil blue. Babesia staining using this dye is possible according to one of two proposed methods. The first technique involves staining by adding 1 drop of concentrated dye to a test tube containing 0.5-1.0 ml of stabilized anticoagulant blood and preparing a smear 7-10 minutes after that. The second technique can be performed immediately on a glass slide by mixing 1 drop of dye and 1 drop of blood not containing an anticoagulant and preparation of a smear, which must be placed in a moist chamber for 7-10 minutes. Babesia, when stained with brilliantcresil blue, acquire a dark blue color inside light yellow, light green or light pink red blood cells. Among these methods, the proposed method of coloring is easy to perform, since it does not require the use of toxic fixatives, preparation of solutions, which reduces the time spent on research. At the same time, this staining method has high diagnostic efficiency, providing a clear visualization of babesia in both red blood cells and blood plasma, eliminates the appearance of artifacts, and, accordingly, false positive or false negative results. The use of this method and dye is economically advantageous not only for single studies, but also especially for mass examinations and medical examination of animals. The proposed method of stain suggests a real opportunity to perform mass diagnostic tests in a production environment.

It is known that with the development of artificial insemination technology, which allowed tens of thousands of descendants to be obtained from one producer, the role of bulls in improving the herd has increased dramatically. At the same time, the role of the uterus remained at the same level. Under the conditions of industrial technology, over the entire productive life, it can produce from 3 to 6 calves, while in their ovaries there are tens of thousands of potential eggs.Thisarticle presents the results of studies conducted in the Republic of Belarus for the first time on the influence of biological factors of direct and indirect influence on the efficiency of obtaining oocytes in the system of transvaginal aspiration. According to the results of studies, there were no significant differences in the effect of the number of aspiration on the oocyte yield. The greatest number of oocytes of excellent and good quality was observed in a group of animals whose aspiration was carried out once a week and amounted to 24.1%. The level of extractability of oocytes with the frequency of extraction every 7 days decreased compared with the frequency of extraction in 3 days by 10.0 p. p. at the Same time, the yield of oocytes of excellent and good quality increased slightly (by 4.5 p. p. as well as the yield of suitable cells in General - by 2.9 p. p.) and was within the error. By the number of extracted oocytes 78% of animals showed higher results after 7 days. In donors with the number of aspiration from 20 to 30, the yield of viable cells increased to 84.4%. The data obtained are of practical importance for development of technology for in vitro embryo production in the system of transvaginal aspiration of oocytes which will help to accelerate breeding process and increase efficiency of breeding work in livestock production in general.

In the domestic market, the range of insec-toacaricides used for processing poultry and industrial premises is quite wide. But due to improper and prolonged use of drugs with the same active substance, mites have resistance. The purpose of our research was to study the direct action of insectoacaricides from the group of synthetic pyrethroids on the model “Red Chicken Mite”. In the presented work, the direct effect was studied - the action of the drug, which causes the death of larvae, nymphs, and adults of the red chicken mite in direct contact with the active substance. To conduct 2 series of studies, red chicken mites in an approximate amount of 200 individuals per petri dish were placed on the bottom of the Petri dishes. The edges of the cup were treated with a neutral cream. Then applied the studied drugs in concentrations of 0.005%; 0.01%; 0.05%; 0.1%; 0.5% by the method of small drop spraying. The control in the experiments was untreated Petri dishes with red chicken mites. In the first 3 hours, constant monitoring of the viability of Dermanyssus gallinae was carried out. Then the changes were recorded every 6 hours. On the second day after the experiment, the changes were recorded 1 time per day. All petri dishes were kept at room temperature 18-20 оС. As a result of studies aimed at studying the direct acaricidal effect of drugs from the group of synthetic pyrethroids, we can conclude that, in a two-time test, the most effective solutions were 0.5% concentration of solutions of drugs: esbiotrin, tetramethrin, cyfluthrin, permethrin, deltamethrin, with the exception of esfenvalerate

The aim of this work was to study in laboratory conditions the harmlessness of the hepatoprotector "Hepaton", which is an emulsion of light brown shade for oral use, including milk Thistle oil, tocopherol acetate, ursode-oxypholic acid, methionine, rose hip syrup. Due to the active substances, the drug exhibits immunomodulatory, hypocholesterolemic, hepatoprotective, choleretic, cholelitolytic effect. For the experiment, 4 groups of control and experimental mice and rats with 10 heads each (the groups included both males and females) were formed. Experimental animals were injected with hepatoprotector, after which toxicometry was carried out [GOST 32296-2013] [1, 3], through the study of lethal dose, analysis of rodent body weight, as well as necropsy. During the experiment, there were no obvious differences in the General condition and behavior of rodents. Barely noticeable delayed reaction and loss of appetite in the first two days were observed in all groups of animals, and are associated, most likely, not with the toxic effect of the studied drug, but with a stress factor as a result of the procedure of repeated administration of Hepatone in large volumes. Hepatoprotector "Hepaton" when administered intragastrically in doses up to 50 ml / kg to mice and rats did not lead to death and did not cause any macroscopic changes in internal organs. At necropsy there was no hypervolemic edema of organs, as indicated by the values of their mass coefficients. Also, there was no irritant effect on the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract. The conducted experiment testifies to harmless influence of Hepatone on an organism of mice and rats, and also about low toxicity of the applied preparation that is extremely important for further researches on influence of hepatoprotector.

A study of the antimicrobial activity of the new drug was carried out in vitro by diffu sion into agar for the following reference strains of microorganisms - Enterococcus feacalis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus. For the study, a suspension was prepared containing a standard number of microorganisms, which was sown on a layer of nutrient agar in Petri dishes. The size of the seed surface was determined according to the procedure described in GFXIII.To study the effect of calves on the intestinal microbiota, a new phytosorption complex, 2 groups of calves were formed, whose age was 2-3 months, of a black-and-white breed. A scientific and production experiment was carried out in the SEC “Kolkhoz Leninsky Put” of the Pushkinogorsky district of the Pskov region, which has a milk direction. The average weight of the experimental group at the time the experiment began was 79.2 ± 8.53 kg, and the control 81.6 ± 9.42 kg. An experimental group of calves was administered a phytosorption complex at a dose of 120 gr/ animal, which corresponds to 1.5 g / kg. The drug was prepared daily, dissolved in 1.5-2 liters of warm water and given orally to the animals for 14 days. The control group received a standard diet, without any additives. At the beginning of the experiment, and at the end, samples of fecal matter were taken from the large intestine for bacteriological studies by plating on differential media.The results of a production experiment proved the positive effect of the phytosorption complex on calf intestinal microbiocinosis. So it is possible to note an increase in lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the experimental group by 35 and 21.6%, a slight increase was noted, by 2.17% in Escherichia coli. Analyzing the data obtained, we can conclude that the addition of biologically active substances to the diet of calves contributed to an increase in production indicators. Thus, the addition of a phytosorption complex to calf feed contributed to an increase in weight in relation to the control group by 7.8%.

The study was conducted in the laboratory of mycotoxicology, where a secondary collection of lactobacillus, characterized by tolerance to mycotoxins and having a certain set of enzyme detoxification capabilities, was cultured on agar medium with a notoriously high content of aflatoxin В₁. In parallel, the property of destruction of aflatoxin В1 was fixed by the method of cumulative selection under the control of enzymes of oxidative degradation of metabolites. In the result of this work, it was possible to identify two strains of lactobacilli resistant to aflatoxin В₁. Further confirmation of morphological and economic useful properties of these strains will allow to create on their basis new specialized antitoxic preparations demanded for needs of practical animal farming. The experiments should be continued. The other bacterial species and other mycotoxins should be the subject of the further study as the xenobiotics potentially harmful for commercial poultry production. A promising direction of these study is the mode of application of these detoxifying agents: whether it should be a single-strain preparation active in a wide range of doses and types of toxicity, or for each situational level its own bacterial strain should potentially be "fixed" and combined into a complex drug. However, the prospectivity of bacterial agents for the destruction of mycotoxins in the intestine is now clear and doubtless since this method has several important advantages compared to the traditional approaches to the prevention of mycotoxicoses

The purpose of the study is to study the effect of the drug Probitox Pet clinical indicators in dogs and cats with dyspeptic disorders. For the study, groups of 5 dogs and 5 cats kept at home in the city of St. Petersburg over 1.5 years old were formed. All animals showed signs of dyspepsia for 3 days or more. The diagnosis was confirmed by laboratory methods. For the treatment of dyspepsia, the drug Probitox Pet was prescribed for 7 days at a dosage of 1 tablet for every 5 kg of animal weight 2 times a day. Already 2 -4 days after the start of taking the drug in animals, normal appetite was noted, a decrease in the number of bowel movements, the termination of vomiting, flatulence and diarrhea, feces acquired a normal shape and consistency. On the 8th day after the start of the drug, clinical tests of blood and feces were repeated, which confirmed the positive dynamics. Our studies confirm the effectiveness of the drug Probitox Pet, which can be recommended for the relief of symptoms and treatment of dyspepsia in cats and dogs.

The purpose of this study was to study the microstructure of muscle fibers of chilled and defrosted poultry meat using the express method. The principle of expression is to prepare muscle fibers, compressors, compressors, thin shells, dye mixtures in accordance with the methodology and viewing obtained by native preparations under a microscope to assess the structural elements of muscle fibers. The express method allows you to get a short time and at minimal cost to get the results [5,7,8]. The sections we painted, prepared using the express technique, allow us to establish the basic structural elements of muscle tissue. In the preparations, the striated muscle tissue is clearly visible. The cytoplasm is stained in pale blue, and the nuclei of muscle fibers that are stained in dark blue are also visible. When studying the structure of chilled poultry meat, the transverse-longitudinal striation is clearly expressed. The muscle fibers are straight, located almost parallel to each other, the structure of the tissue is preserved. The nuclei in the fibers are located mainly in the center, small, oval-elongated shapes are weakly visible and only with the appropriate focusing of the microscope objective. The endings of muscle fibers with clear edges, prismatic in shape. When studying the structure of defrosted poultry meat, transverse-longitudinal striation is weakly expressed, which leads to blurred boundaries between the fibers. Some sections of muscle fiber look like torn. Nuclei are not rendered. The ends of muscle fibers are swollen, blurry rounded at both ends. As can be seen from the research results, using the accelerated method, it is possible to study the main structural changes in muscle fiber and reliably determine whether the meat was frozen.

The aim of our research was to study changes in egg productivity (quality and number of eggs) of quail when including in their ration supplements of fodder of fish (DKR) “Prinarovskaya”, which is a dry, loose, uniform mass made from by-products of processing fish and fish products, as well as products of flour milling (wheat bran). It is obtained by grinding, cavitation heating and drying the resulting mixture. The resulting additive contains the following amino acids: alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, valine, his-tine, glycine, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, serine, tyrosine, threonine, phenylalanine, cystine, as well as vitamins - B4, D3, E, and minerals: calcium - selenium, phosphorus and others. The experiment was carried out on quails of the Manchu breed at the age of 5-22 weeks. Prinarovskaya DKR was introduced into the ration per 100 g of the main diet (RR): 8 g of DKR into the experimental group, and only RR was fed to the quail of the control group - PK 1-1 compound feed. A veterinary and hygienic assessment of the quality of eggs from Quails Manchurian breed was carried out when feeding them with the main ration of the feed additive based on fish flour and wheat bran “Prinarovskaya”. In the course of the experiment, the following indicators were taken into account: the beginning of oviposition, the number of laid eggs, egg massometry, egg mass is an indicator of their nutritional qualities. In the existing GOST 31655-2012 “eggs turkeys, caesares, quails, ostrichs” eggs, as well as the requirements for quails hatching eggs, only the minimum weight of food and hatching eggs (10 g), below which it is not recommended to sell and incubate eggs [1]. We also took into account the following indicators that testify to the quality of eggs: large and small diameter of eggs, egg shape index, egg biochemical composition (amino acids: lysine, methionine, tryptophan; vitamins: A, B1, B2; minerals: calcium, selenium, phosphorus ; mass fraction of protein, mass fraction of fat, energy value of eggs) for quail of different groups. The study indicates the positive effect of the feed additive "Prinarovskaya" on the egg production of laying hens, morphological and chemical composition of eggs.

This article presents material on the use of the feed additive in poultry farming and its influence on zootechnical parameters and on the amino acid composition of meat and quail eggs. Experimental studies of the administration of the feed additive “Abirtonik” were carried out in the vivarium of the Department of Parasitology and Veterinary-Sanitary Expertise. Two groups of quails of the Istra quail breed were formed with 10 heads each, the experimental group of quails were given a feed additive “Abiotonik” with a water at a dose of 1 ml / kg of live weight for a course of 28 days, in control group were birds starting from 21 day - 49 day ear old. Slaughter of birds was carried out for 49 days. The use of feed supplements to quails contributed to an increase in live weight of quails by 10.6% relative to the control group. The gross increase in the experimental group for 10 heads was 2240.00 g., And in the control group 2026.00 g, which in 214.00 g. exceeded the quail control group. In the experimental group of quails, the safety of livestock was 100%, and in the control group 90%. We have not established the negative effect of the feed additive "Abiotonik" on the organoleptic and microbiological indicators of meat and quail eggs. When studying the amino acid composition of meat and quail eggs, there was a tendency to an increase in essential amino acids in meat by 5.6% in eggs by 7.5%, and replaceable amino acids in meat by 13.9% in eggs by 15.9%, that evidences high biological value of the products of quails after the application of the feed additive "Abiotonik".

The excretory activity of the digestive system is closely correlated with other aspects of the activity of the digestive glands including: secretion and metabolism of intermediate substances. The studies of this activity are therefore urgent and require new approaches. The aim of the study was to investigate exocrine pancreatic function in laying hens, fed diets with different calcium (Ca) level. The experiment was performed on three Hisex White hens with chronic fistulae of main pancreatic duct. The method of periods was used; dietary Ca content during control period was 3.6%, during experimental period I - 3.4%, experimental period II - 4.2%. The changes in dietary Ca content were found to affect the exocrine pancreatic function; the evidence to these changes were stated via the increases in the secretion volume and changes in the activities of lipase and total proteases. The effects of higher Ca dose were stated during the complex-reflex phase of regulation of the pancreatic secretion: during the diet with higher Ca level the activity of total proteases increased during the first postprandial minutes in comparison to the control period. On the contrary, during the diet with lower Ca level, this activity decreased during the neurohumoral phase of the pancreatic regulation, in 90 min after the feeding. The dynamics of the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP) in pancreatic juice during the postprandial period was reversed in compare to proteases: this activity abruptly decreased immediately after the feeding. The changes in dietary Ca level affected the basal levels of AP activity; postprandial activity levels were similar to those for the control period. The negative correlations were found between the activity of total proteases and activity of AP (r=-0.87) and Ca content in pancreatic juice (r=-0.64), while the activity of AP and Ca content in pancreatic juice correlated positively (r=0.81).

The metabolism of calcium (Ca) in poultry is more intense than in mammals. Highly productive laying hens excrete with eggs during the productive cycle the amounts of Ca 20-30-fold higher than its total pool within the body. Since the evaluation of mineral exchange requires balance trials there are certain difficulties in the determination of the amounts of Ca in feces which was not absorbed in the digestive tract and which entered the feces from the water-excretory system. The aim of the study presented was the determination of Ca balance in laying hens using the method of ileal availability. The experiment was performed on six Hisex White hens (20-28 weeks of age) with ileal fistulae. The assimilation of Ca assessed using the ileal method was higher by 14.2% in compare to control treatment. At lower dietary Ca level (3.0%) the assimilation rate was lower by 31.7% in compare to the control period while increased dietary Ca level (4.6%) enhances Ca balance and improves its assimilation to 29.0%, below the optimal assimilation level. This low Ca availability in the digestive tract resulted in its higher excretion with feces. Concentration of Ca in blood serum grew by 55.0% with the increase in dietary Ca level. The decrease in the latter to 3.0% increased concentration of total protein in blood by 18.7%, glucose by 28.6% while concentration of phosphorus decreased more than 2-fold evidencing the general enhancement of mineral metabolism.

This review is devoted to the studies of the effect of low intensity electromagnetic radiation irradiation (EMR) on various types of biological objects. The results of the studies of the effects of electromagnetic radiation on plant growth, nervous system, immunity, hormonal status, enzymatic activity, redox processes of a living organism are presented. A review of the literature on the biological effects of EMR on living systems can help to inreach our ideas about the possible ways how living organisms perceive this type of radiation and also can help to determine the direction for further research in this area. Low-frequency electromagnetic fields are generated by all electrical means, including power lines, distribution lines and electrical appliances. There are also sources of this radiation of natural origin. There is concern about whether low-intensity EMR affects public health. A significant amount of researches on this topic has been carried out over the past decades, but the health effects of this factor are still mixed. Despite a large number of works devoted to the study of the influence of EMR on living organisms, the question of the mechanism of the effect of EMR on biological objects remains relevant and requires further study.

The article presents data on the development of hydrocephalus in young West-Siberian grayling. The study revealed a diverse impact of hydrocephalus on the vital activity of fish. First of all, it manifests in a significant slowdown in linear and weight growth. At two months of age, the body length and weight of diseased fish are lower than in healthy individuals by 60.9 and 94.0 %, respectively. Ex ternal symptoms of hydrocephalus are expressed in the appearance of well-marked bulges on the head, body deformities and the formation of ruptures of the head tissues. The main stages of hydrocephalus development can be represented in: sluggish behavior, refusal from feed; stationary position on the side at the bottom of aquarium; muscle cramps of increasing frequency; random movements; body deformities and respiratory function disorders. Hydrocephalus, according to our data, can be a completely eliminating factor in the loss of juveniles. Especially, the manifestations of the disease sensitive fish, passing the critical periods of early ontogenesis. The lack of growth and development is directly related to the negative impact of hydrocephalus on the somatic muscles of fish. During the first month there was only compression of fibers due to body deformities, but the second month is characterized by significant damage to the muscles, in particular, the destruction of fibers and the replacement of the formed space with connective tissue. Currently, the hydrocephalus of fish is not studied enough.

The paper presents data on the dynamics of some indicators of white blood in outbred white rats during osteosynthesis of tubular bones on the background of the application of the RVI biocomposite material preparation and the RV-2 immunomodulator from the group of synthetic dipeptides. The experiments were performed on 30 animals, divided into six groups (n=6 in each). The rats of the control group after osteosynthesis were not treated (untreated wound model), experimental rats from the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5 th groups were treated with the preparations separately or in combination at various times after surgery (immediately or 5 days after). Blood for the study was sampled before surgery, and then with a weekly interval. The duration of the experiment was 21 days. It was shown that on the early stages of oste ogenesis at the first and second phase, bone healing during the first 14 days had been accompanied by an increase in the number of leukocytes, lymphocytes and granulocytes in animals of the control group, as well as of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 5th experimental groups treated with RVI and RV-2, but this indicator decreased in the 4th group (the combination of RVI and RV-2 was used immediately after surgery). In the subsequent periods of action of the preparations were of multidirectional nature. Comparing the final data of the experiments to the background it should be noted, that in the control group of animals the absolute numbers of leukocytes, lymphocytes and granulocytes reached only 91.2; 84.3 and 89.5%, with 2.5 times increase in the content of cells of medium size (MID); in the 1st and 4th experimental groups, the data were similar in values, differing only in relation to the number of MID cells - 87.0; 91.8; 80.6; 50.0 % and 71.6; 64.0; 96.7; 75.0 %, respectively. More pronounced results were obtained with the use of RV-2 (separately or 5 days after the surgery, in combination with the RVI preparation), where the ratio of the number of leukocytes, lymphocytes and granulocytes to background indicators in the 2nd group was 113.4; 113.2; 79.4 % by 7 times increasing the number of MID cells; in the 3rd -105.3;103.2; 75.0 % by 3,8 times; in the 5th - 121.1; 102.9; 200.0% with 2.5 times decrease in the number of cells of medium size. The obtained data should be considered as advisory when choosing preparations for practical use.

The influence of the age and the breed of chicks on the efficiency of ovariotomy were studied. The experiments were carried out on female chicks of two lines of the breed White Leghorn and also on 7 other breeds. all different in the productivity and body constitution types. During the surgery manipulation chicks were fixed on the special tables, and as the main surgical tools- ophthalmic scissors and tweezers with straight and curved brunches were used. Muscle relaxant rometar was used for the immobilization of the chicks. The abdominal space was penetrated through the last intercostal space on the left. The ovariotomy was performed according to advanced protocol developed earlier by the author. The process of curetage of the very caudal part of the ovary, (usually it isn’t seen because the oval of the left iliac vein), was carried out at first, in the direction from the tail to the head; then the curretage of the other parts of the ovary was carried out, observing the direction from the head to the tail. Survived after the operation chicks were grown up to the age of 20-25 weeks, further they were killed by the decapitation and autopsy was performed. It was found that the incidence of survival after the full removals of the ovary significantly increase from 1-2 weeks of age to 5-6 weeks and then tends to decline to 7-8 weeks of age. The highest efficiency of the operation (over 60.0 % of the full removals of the ovary) was achieved exclusively in layer breeds of chicken where the chicks have more delicate body constitution at 4-6 weeks of age.

According to our statistics, more than 20 % of the visiys of cat owners to veterinary clinics are related to various problems with the urinary system. Most of the animals with these problems are urological patients. We conducted a pilot study of the effect of Bovhyaluronidaze azoximer on the incidence of postoperative complications after bladder catheterization, cystotomy, perineal urethrostomy. The study was carried out on 50 cats after surgery manipulations on the urethra and the bladder. The cats were divided into two groups. The complex treatment for the ani mals of the experimental group (21 animals) included bovhyaluronidaze azoximer administration in the postoperative period. For the cats of the control group (29 animals) were done only standard complex treatment. The difference in the incidence of postoperative complications was evaluated using biostatistics methods: Pearson’s chi-squared test and Fisher's exact criterion. The analysis of the results of the pilot study showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between the use of bovhyalu-ronidaze azoximer and the frequency of postoperative complications. We also concluded that there is no statistical relationship between the type of surgery and the frequency of postoperative complications. Based on the results of our pilot study we recommended to conduct a blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of the use of bovhyaluronidaze azoximer treatment form in the urological practice of companion animals.