In recent years, African swine fever (ASF) has been the main threat to the development of the pig industry not only in Russia, but also in many countries of the world for many years. Due to the lack of effective and safe means of specific prevention of infection, disinfection is one of the ways to combat and prevent the spread of the ASF pathogen in the system of antiepizootic measures. The most important task of modern disinfection is the development and creation of disinfectants with a wide range of bactericidal and viricidal effects. The composition of such despreprates includes several active substances that, due to interaction with each other, enhance the disinfecting ability of the drug.
The aim of the work is to study in vitro the viricidal activity of the composite disinfectants "Dezon Vetklin" and "Dezon Vet" against a highly virulent ASF pathogen. The objects of research are domestic modern composite disinfectants "Dezon Vetklin" and "Dezon Vet". The tests of the drugs were carried out on the basis of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Federal Center for Animal Health Protection" (FGBI "VNIIZH", Vladimir). As a test culture, a primary culture of pig spleen cells sensitive to ASF virus (CCSS) was used with the addition of Igla growth culture medium containing 20% fetal serum of cattle and 0.1% (v/v) pig erythrocytes. As a protein load, inactivated pig blood serum obtained from animals from ASF-safe farms of the Russian Federation was used. For experimental infection of CCSS, a highly virulent hemadsorbent ASF virus of genotype II strain ASF/Arm/07 (reference) was used in a titer not lower than 6.0 lg GAdE50/cm3. For experimental testing of disinfectants, metal, wooden, concrete and plastic test surfaces with a size of 10x10 cm were used. According to the results of the studies, viricidal activity against the ASF pathogen of two tested disinfectants was established at a concentration of 5.0% with a minimum exposure of 10 minutes each. The tested disinfectants can be recommended for preventive disinfection at veterinary surveillance facilities in ASF.

Mastitis is the most common disease on livestock farms. The reasons leading to the occurrence of mastitis and a decrease in the quality of milk are diverse. Violation of milking technology, maintenance, principles of mastitis prevention, untimely diagnosis and its defective treatment causes significant economic damage to dairy farms. The object of research was cattle milk. In the milk samples, the number of somatic cells and the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultive atianaerobic microorganisms were taken into account using standard techniques [1, 3]. The analysis of the organization of milking was carried out in the hall of the rotary type "Carousel". The purpose of the work: to improve the quality of milk and reduce the amount of mastitis by eliminating shortcomings in the work of machine milking operators. During the study, it was found that at the time of milking on the platform "Carousel" there were animals with contamination of the limbs and mammary gland. We have identified the following shortcomings in the analysis of the milking routine: a small amount of milking of the first trickles of milk, poor-quality cleaning and drying of nipples with a scrubber, connection of animals to the milking machine with an incomplete milk ejection reflex, violation of animal milking hygiene, repeated connections to the milking machine, non-compliance with the rules of nipple treatment after milking. The available data obtained during the study make it possible to better understand the etiology of mastitis, the problem of increased numbers of bacteria and somatic cells in milk due to violations of the work of machine milking operators. The results obtained allow us to state the need for the use of informative diagnostic methods in the practical activities of specialists at dairy enterprises in the Russian Federation. We have developed practical recommendations and rules for the prevention of mastitis and improving the quality of milk. As a result of the introduction of the created recommendations and rules into practice, it was possible to reduce the number of animals with mastitis, reduce bacterial contamination and the number of somatic cells in milk.

Relevance. The body reacts to the impact of infectious agents by activating the processes of gene expression in cells and tissues of various organs, which results in the formation of messenger RNA, complementary to the DNA of the expressed genes. This article discusses the effect of vaccine viruses of infectious bursal disease and infectious anemia of chickens on the morphology of target organs of the immune system of chickens, as well as the expression of a number of key genes of nonspecific immune response in the cells of these organs.
Methods. As an example of a vaccine virus for infectious bursal disease, an immunocomplex vaccine against infectious bursal disease from the VNIVIP strain was taken; as a sample of a vaccine virus for infectious anemia in chickens, the Nobilis® CAV P4 vaccine manufactured by MSD Animal Health was taken.
Results. It was concluded that vaccine viruses come into contact with target organs (the bursa of Fabricius and thymus), causing a number of pathological changes. The expression of the immune genes IL8L2, PTGS2, IRF7 was also determined as the main genes responsible for the synthesis of antiviral and inflammatory proteins. Based on the results of the studies, it was concluded that the IL8L2 and PTGS2 genes responsible for the synthesis of inflammatory components are actively expressed when the cells are exposed to the viruses of infectious anemia of chickens and infectious bursal disease. The expression of the IRF7 gene in the immune organs of the experimental groups of chickens did not practically differ from the level of expression in the target organs of the control birds due to the immunosuppressive effect of the viruses.

Fur farming in Russia can be considered one of the most profitable industries. However, outbreaks of infectious diseases in animal farms, in the difficult conditions of the global financial crisis, cause irreparable economic damage, which negatively affects the prospects for the development of the industry. One of these diseases is the Aleutian Mink disease, which entails enormous losses associated with the lack of treatment and prevention. To date, the use of interferon inducers is considered a promising direction in the fight against viral diseases of animals. The objects of the study were mink of 30-day-old sapphire breed, spontaneously infected with the Aleutian disease virus. Two groups of 50 animals (25 females and 25 males) each were formed using the method of analog groups. The minks of the experimental group were subcutaneously injected with alloferon at a dose of 0.5 mg per head twice with an interval of 6 days. The control group animals were injected with saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) in the same dosing regimen. The biochemical parameters of blood were taken into account after 1 month of the experiment. Our studies have shown that in experimental animals the blood content of total protein was lower by 19.6%, globulins by 24.4%, urea levels were 2 times lower, creatinine values were 1.5 times, the amount of ALT and AST were 2.5 and 1.6 times lower, respectively. The obtained results of a biochemical study may indicate an improvement in metabolic processes in experimental individuals, which contributes to an increase in the productive qualities of sick animals. As a result of the conducted research, it can be concluded that it is advisable to use drugs based on alloferon for mink patients with viral plasmocytosis in order to reduce the economic damage from the Aleutian mink disease.

Annual reports on the morbidity of the adult population report outbreaks of listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes with clinically pronounced febrile gastroenteritis. The main transmission route to humans is believed to be through consumption of contaminated food, especially ready-to-eat meat products. Rapid and specific detection of L. monocytogenes in food is critical for ensuring the safety of consumers. The aim of this work was to study the occurrence of L. monocytogenes in vacuum-packed meat products using modern diagnostic methods. In total, 60 vacuum-packed meat products were studied using real-time PCR (iQ-Check™ realtime PCR kit), immunoassay (VIDAS LMO2 test) and culturing. Thirty-two of 60 (53%) vacuum-packed meat products were L. monocytogenes positive by real-time PCR. The occurrence was especially high in heat-treated sausages (80%). Only two products (two bacons) were VIDAS and culture positive. Additionally, L. monocytogenes was isolated from one heat-treated sausage, which was VIDAS negative. All VIDAS and culture-positive samples were also PCR positive. In two (12%) out of 17 vacuum-packed ready-to-eat products, the number of L. monocytogenes was over 100 cfu/g demonstrating that the shelf life assigned to some vacuum-packed products is not appropriate. Real-time PCR based on iQ-Check™ realtime PCR kit was shown to be very sensitive to detect L. monocytogenes in foods and thus a useful tool for screening.

The selection of the optimal line of the transplanted cell culture and the adaptation of the rabies virus to it makes it possible to exclude the use of laboratory animals, fully control the process of obtaining viruscontaining material with high infectious activity in large quantities and with a faster and shorter production cycle. The adaptive potential of various strains of rabies virus varies significantly, in this regard, the aim of the study was to study the sensitivity of the production strain of the rabies virus "Sheep" GNKI to the transplanted cultures of NGUK-1 and ВНК-21/13 cells. The adaptation of the rabies virus to the transplanted cultures of NGUK-1 and VNK-21/13 cells was carried out by sequential passivation. The titer of the virus was calculated by the number of fluorescent foci, the concentration of rabies virus antigen was determined by the ELISA method, the pathogenicity of the virus at the level of 11 passages on different cell lines – on white mice.
It was found that the transplanted ВНК-21/13 cell line provided a faster adaptation of the virus and the achievement of maximum titers within 36-48 hours, whereas the NGUK-1 line maintained relatively slow replication and ensured the achievement of maximum titers after 96-120 hours. The optimal multiplicity of infection with NGUK-1 and ВНК-21/13 was 0.1 KKID50/cell, while the titers of the "Sheep" virus strains were 4.11±0.26 and 6.17±0.49 lg KKID50/cm3, respectively. Virus replication in ВНК-21/13 cells was characterized by greater intensity: the antigenic titer of the virus at all passage levels was 1.5-2 times (p<0.05) higher than that in NGUK-1 cells. The positive dynamics of the accumulation of the viral titer persisted until passage 8-9, after which this indicator remained stable until passage 11 inclusive. The results of the assessment of the pathogenicity of the rabies virus at the level of passage 11 on different cell lines showed that the virus adapted to both NGUK-1 and ВНК-21/13 has not lost pathogenicity for white mice. Thus, it was found that the transplanted ВНК-21/13 cell line significantly exceeds the NGUK-1 cell line in terms of replicative capabilities and can be used to develop viral raw materials for the production of diagnostic tools and specific prevention.

Cryptosporidiosis is a widespread parasitic disease of many species of domestic and wild animals, as well as humans, which is a significant problem in the field of medicine and veterinary medicine. Farm animals, in particular piglets, are most often susceptible to this disease, but the species composition of representatives of the genus Cryptosporidium in this species of animals in the Russian Federation has remained unknown to date. For the first time in the Russian Federation, in the conditions of the north-west, on the example of the Vologda region in pig farms with industrial technology for keeping piglets using the latest molecular genetic techniques, namely, using high-throughput sequencing of amplicon libraries of fragments of the 18S rRNA gene obtained as a result of nested PCR, we have established parasitism of C. scrofarum in all age groups of the animals examined. The total invasion of livestock in pig farms was 34% (51/150). Pine piglets were invaded by Cryptosporidium in 40% of cases (12/30), the intensity of Cryptosporidium infection was predominantly strong (+ + +), occurred in 20% (6/30) of cases. The mean (+ +) and weak (+) degree of animal invasion also occurred in 3% (10/30) of cases each. In the age group of weaning piglets at the age of 1-3 months, Cryptosporidium infection was 33.3% (10/30), a strong (+ + +) degree of oocyst production dominated, it was 26.7% (8/30) versus 10% (3/30) of the average (+ +) and 3.3% (1/30) weak (+). The most invasive oocysts are Cryptosporidium of fattening piglets at the age of 4-6 months, the extensinvasion of this group was 60% (18/30). The degree of oocyst release was predominantly moderate (+ +) – 26.7% (8/30) and strong – 23.3% (7/30). In 13.3% (4/30) of cases, there was a weak (+) degree of Cryptosporidium infection . Animals older than 6 months were infected with Cryptosporidium in 20% (6/30) of cases. They also recorded an average (+ +) – 13.3% (4/30) and a strong (+ + +) – 6.7% (2/30) degree of invasion, weak (+) invasion in this age group was not detected. Sows have also been invaded by Cryptosporidium. Their infection rate was 16.7% (5/30), and the degree of cryptosporidiosis was weak (+).

The purpose of the research is to determine the relationship between the infestation of Cryptosporidium parvum in calves that have regular contact with synanthropic reservoirs (rodents and birds) in the climatic zones of Udmurtia. The study of the distribution and relationship of manifestations of cryptosporidiosis was carried out among calves that have regular contact with synanthropic rodents (gray rat (Rattus norvegicus), house mouse (Mus musculus), common vole (Microtus arvalis), bank vole (Myodes glareolus)) and birds (rock dove). (Columba livia), house sparrow (Passer domesticus), jackdaw (Coloeus monedula)). In total, 255 calves, 160 rodents and 80 birds were subjected to the study.
The assessment of infestation of calves, rodents and birds was carried out by generally accepted coprological flotation methods, as well as by making native smears with further Ziehl-Neelsen staining. The results obtained were evaluated using statistical methods: analysis of variance, taking into account the Fisher criterion and the Pearson correlation coefficient.
The results of the research showed that in all natural and climatic zones of the Udmurt Republic a high percentage of infection with cryptosporidiosis of calves is recorded.
On the territory of the southern zone, the infection rate of calves with cryptosporidiosis was 62.35%, while in captured mouselike rodents the prevalence of invasion was at the level of 37.25%, and in birds - 20.0%.
In the farms located on the territory of the northern natural and climatic zone of the republic, the degree of infestation of calves reached 41.18%, the infection of rodents was 23.91%. The minimum percentage of detection of cryptosporidium oocysts among synanthropic birds was observed in the north of Udmurtia - 11.77%.
The fact of the dependence of the invasion by the causative agent of cryptosporidiosis of calves on the presence of parasite carriers in farms has been established. According to the results of calculating the correlation coefficient and analysis of variance, a direct close relationship was revealed between the infection of calves and representatives of the synanthropic reservoir - rodents, birds, regularly in contact with agricultural crops. animals.

Vector-borne diseases pose a serious threat to the sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing of a person. As a rule, the source of pathogens of this group of diseases is considered to be carrier animals that can keep the pathogen in their body for life. Changing climate conditions lead to changes in the habitat of insect vectors, which inevitably leads to the expansion of the geographical boundaries of vector-borne infections. The aim of the work is to study the prevalence of anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis among reindeer of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The material for the research was stabilized EDTA venous blood from reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) of the Nenets breed. The diagnosis was established by PCR. It has been proved that the infection of reindeer with anaplasmosis averages 14.3%, while vazhenki have the greatest extent of invasion – 21.4%, while males and calves are less affected by the pathogen (9.1% and 12.5%, respectively). Infection of animals with ehrlichiosis turned out to be more significant: DNA of ehrlichiae was present in 44.9% of samples, while the infection of vazhenok was 57.1%, calves – 37.5%, choirs – 45.5%. The morphological composition of the blood of healthy and infected reindeer had no significant differences in a number of indicators, which indicates a latent chronic course of the disease. Thus, the results of the work indicate that anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis are widespread among reindeer living on the territory of the Low-Earth tundra, which serve as a natural reservoir for these pathogens.

In the Republic of Mari El for 2019-2021, the proper and effective implementation of regional state powers in the field of animal handling is carried out, the results of which indicate a decrease in the number of animal bites to people due to the timely development and implementation of regional regulatory legal acts in this field of activity.
The research material was the results of the introduction of a risk-based approach on the territory of the Republic of Mari El in connection with the transfer of functions and powers to the regions for the organization and implementation of regional state control (supervision) in the field of animal treatment, as well as the results of the development and implementation of a regional regulatory legal framework in this sphere of activity aimed at the prevention of zooanthroponoses, including especially dangerous contagious diseases common to humans and animals - rabies, tuberculosis, brucellosis, leptospirosis and others.
As regional legal acts in the field of treatment of animals, the Law of the Republic of Mari El dated September 25, 2015 No. 43-FZ “On vesting local governments in the Republic of Mari El with state powers of the Republic of Mari El to organize activities for catching and keeping stray animals” was adopted ”, Decree of the Government of the Republic of Mari El of October 13, 2015 No.550, on the establishment of the Procedure for catching and keeping stray animals in the Republic of Mari El.
In the Republic of Mari El, since 2019, the proper and effective implementation of the Federal Law of December 27, 2018 No.498-FZ "On the responsible treatment of animals and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation", as well as the development and implementation of regional regulatory legal acts in this area of activity, which led to a decrease in the number of cases of human bites by animals.

Every year, leishmaniasis infects from one million to two million inhabitants of the Earth. The causative agent of leishmaniasis are parasites from the genus protozoan Leishmania, which has more than two dozen species. The main carriers of leishmaniasis are about 90 species of blood-sucking insects. The danger of the current situation on leishmaniasis is aggravated by the fact that the habitat of mosquitoes is expanding due to global warming. Armenia is a leishmaniasis endemic country. Both imported and local cases of the disease are registered in the republic. There are foci of infection both in the republics bordering on Armenia and in some regions of the country. The aim of our work was to clarify the epizootic situation of dog leishmaniasis in the Meghri district of the Syunik region of Armenia.
In May 2022, 23 dogs of both sexes aged from 10 months to 10 years, dogs used by residents of the Meghri district of the Syunik region of Armenia, were examined for the presence of leishmaniasis infestation. Dogs were kept in open enclosures on the territory of private houses. The infection of dogs with leishmaniasis was determined in the laboratory of molecular parasitology of the Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia. Peripheral blood was taken from the animals, the presence of Leishmania infantum antibodies was detected using the Leishmania canis Ab Rapid Test immunochromatographic instrumentless test system.
The largest number of dogs with leishmaniasis was registered by the authors at the age of 3 years - 46.8% of cases. At the age of 10 months to a year, 2 years, 7 years and 10 years, 13.2% of sick animals were registered. In dogs aged 6 to 7 years, as well as aged 9 to 10 years, leishmaniasis was recorded in 19.8% of cases. In the studies conducted in dogs aged 4 to 5 years, as well as at the age of 8 years, leishmania infestation was not recorded.

The article presents the results of comparative therapeutic efficacy of a complex biogenic drug aminoseleferon-B based on recombinant interferons on Holstein calves with hypotrophy and comorbid pathology (anemia, immunodeficiency) in the neonatal period. According to the principle of pairanalogues, four groups of 6 individuals (hypotopic calves with comorbid pathology) were formed and the fifth – 6 normotrophic calves. The calves of the first experimental group were administered aminoseleton, the calves of the second experimental group - biferon-B, the calves of the third experimental group - the drug aminoseleferon-B. The drugs were administered subcutaneously, three times on days 1, 3 and 30 at a dose of 1 ml per 10 kg of animal weight. The calves of the fourth experimental group - negative control and the calves of the fifth group - positive control, the studied drugs were not used. The use of aminoseleferon-B leads to an earlier stabilization (on day 7 of our studies) of the morphological and immunological blood composition, whereas in the comparison groups, the studied indicators were optimized on day 30. In the animals of the 3rd experimental group, the level of erythrocytes increased by 9.3% and 6.4% compared to those in hypotrophic calves, a similar pattern was noted in the amount of total hemoglobin - increased by 13.7% and 7.7%. Humoral and cellular links of nonspecific protection were restored in the calves of the 3rd experimental group, due to normalization of serum compliment, lysozyme and bacterial activity, phagocytic index and number. The use of aminoseleferon-B in the treatment of polymorbid pathology (anemia, immunodeficiency) in calves with hypotrophy has a pathogenetically mediated mechanism of action and a pronounced anti-anemic and immunomodulatory effect that together improves the state of the calves body during early neonatal adaptation.

The article presents the results of a study of the potential mutagenic effects of the drug Interamin on the bone marrow of mice. Its effect on the cytogenetic stability of bone marrow cells after injection of an experimental mutagen (mitomycin C) was also studied. The antimutagenic potential of Interamin was studied relative to the reference drugs Aminoseleton and Bifeton-B. The study of the mutagenic effect of the compounds was carried out using a micronucleus test in polychromatophilic erythrocytes of the bone marrow of mice that is an assessment of the change in the frequency of micronuclei in polychromatophilic erythrocytes. The toxic effect of drugs on bone marrow cells was assessed by the change in the proportion of polychromatophilic erythrocytes relative to the number of normochromic erythrocytes. As a result of the study, no changes were found in the frequency of micronuclei in polychromatophilic erythrocytes and the percentage of cells of this type in the bone marrow of mice treated with Interamin at a conditional therapeutic and tenfold increased doses, as well as with its fivefold administration at intervals of 24 hours at a conditionally therapeutic dose. The course use of the study drugs at a therapeutic dose before the administration of mitomycin C led to a decrease in the frequency of micronuclei in polychromatophilic erythrocytes by 39.1% (p=0.002) and 47.6% (p=0.009) when using Interamin and Aminoseleton, respectively, relative to the indicators of animals, who were administered only mitomycin C. In the group treated with Biferon-B, such trend was not observed. At the same time, in animals of these groups, the proportion of polychromatophilic erythrocytes was higher by 33.3% (p=0.002) after the administration of Interamin and by 57.2% (p=0.009) after the use of Biferon-B, relative to the animals of the positive control group. The presented data indicate that the drug Interamin has no mutagenic properties, as well as the presence of antimutagenic and antitoxic effects that opens up prospects for its use as a gene protector and antitoxicant.

The article presents the results of a study of the effectiveness of the drug "Aktiviton" in the treatment of acute postpartum purulent -catarrhal endometritis of cows. The object of research were 15 cows of the Holstein breed aged 2 to 4 years, live weight 600-700 kg, owned by APK Food Program LLC, Mamadyshsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. Animals were divided into 3 groups of 5 animals each. The control group consisted of clinically healthy animals in the postpartum period, the experimental groups included animals with acute postpartum catarrhal-purulent endometritis. In the treatment of endometritis, the following drugs were used: ceftivet, flexoprofen 10%, sinestrol 2%, uteroton, nioxytil forte. The treatment regimen used for animals of the 2nd experimental group was improved by the inclusion of "Activiton". Before treatment, the following clinical signs were observed in the experimental groups: edema and hyperemia of the external genitalia, the release of catarrhal-purulent exudate. Rectal examination revealed an increase in the size of the uterus, stiffness, pain and consistency. On the echogram, thickening of the walls of the uterus and consistency, heterogeneity of the mucosa, diameter of the body and horns, and wall thickness were noted. After treatment, an improvement in the general condition of the animals, the absence of a specific odor, and the release of exudate from the genitals were observed. During rectal examination, the size of the uterus corresponded to physiological parameters, its rigidity was observed, there were no fluctuations and soreness. On the echogram, the absence of thickening of the walls of the uterus, the homogeneity of the mucosa, the diameter of the body and horns, and the thickness of the walls were noted. In animals of the 1st experimental group, an improvement in the condition of the genital organs was observed on the 6th day after the start of treatment, however, in the cows of the 2nd experimental group, these changes were recorded on the 4th-5th day.

For dairy farms, an urgent task is to annually obtain offspring from each cow, increase milk productivity after calving, and ensure the preservation of the reproductive function of the cows.
In the research work, a group of hormonal drugs for stimulating the reproductive system in lactating cows was studied. In many farms of the Smolensk region, the reproduction of the dairy herd is carried out at a low level - 20-25 calves from one hundred cows are lost annually, while they lose the milk increase in the lactation of new -bodied cows, which leads to significant economic damage.
According to the chosen scheme, cows of the experimental group (n-12) who did not come to the hunt for a long time after calving (90-110 days) were used on the farm: progesterone and bitostimulgin were injected intramuscularly on days 1.3 and 5, follimag and biostimulgin were administered on day 7 of the experiment. The experiment lasted from May 10 to October 30, 2021, followed by monitoring of pregnancy in cows until the end of this year.
The effectiveness of stimulation of reproductive function was assessed by the timing of the manifestation of hunting and the results of insemination - by determining pregnancy. The obtained results of studies on the complex use of hormonal drugs showed positive changes in the reproductive function of the reproductive organs, primarily in the ovaries – cows came to the hunt: 3 – after 12 days, 1 – on day 16 and 3 - on day 18, while all without re-entering the hunt after day 7 of the completed introduction of follimag, after insemination they turned out to be pregnant.
The injected drugs restored the function of the ovaries for the formation of follicles and the release of full-fledged eggs in 7 cows (58.2%), with a long period of infertility.

Aflatoxin B1 is a hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic compound. It is one of the common mycotoxins that causes various pathological conditions in humans and animals such as acute and chronic liver damage, neurological disorders, neoplasms and reproductive disorders.
The present work was aimed to study the preventive effect of a dietary supplement based on milk thistle flour, succinic acid, bentonite, probiotic strain B. subtilis, vitamins A and E in experimental aflatoxicosis of laboratory animals. The experiments were carried out on 24 white rats, divided according to the principle of analogues into 4 groups. The first group - biological control, the second group - toxic control, the third and fourth groups were given medications against mycotoxin. White rats were injected with aflatoxin B1 with food at a dose of 500 µg/kg for 10 days. The treatments effectiveness was assessed by clinical signs of experimental animals and hemato-biochemical analysis. The level of exposure to aflatoxin B1 was evaluated by the state of the liver. The use of a biologically active additive significantly reduced the toxic effect of aflatoxin B1 on the animal organism, prevented a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin, leukocytes and erythrocytes, an increase in platelets, the activity of aminotransferases (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase), alkaline phosphatase and malonic daldehyde. There were no pathoana tomic changes in the internal organs of animals receiving a biologically active supplement.
The results of the experiment indicate the high therapeutic efficacy of the biologically active additive used in aflatoxicosis, due to the multicomponent composition.

Modern technologies of cattle breeding imply the maximum use of the productive potential of animals, the realization of which is hindered by various diseases, one of which is genital mycoplasmosis. According to domestic and foreign scientists, this disease is quite widespread in livestock enterprises. Given that mycoplasmosis is characterized by a long latent period, its diagnosis is associated with a number of difficulties, therefore, a significant role belongs to the diagnostic aspects of immuno-metabolic changes occurring in the body. In addition, it is necessary for the development of rational therapy. We have studied the effect of tulatromycin therapy in patients with genital mycoplasmosis of cows on the content of total protein, absolute and relative content of albumins and globulins, immunoglobulins and their classes in blood serum. For the experiment, 3 groups of animals were formed: the first - cows with mycoplasmosis (without treatment); the second - cows with mycoplasmosis for the treatment of which tulatromycin was used; the third – clinically healthy cows (control). The results of studies have shown that the use of tulatromycin in this disease leads to the recovery of 75% of infected animals. significant redistribution of the content of immunoglobulins in the blood serum of cows. An increase in the content of Ig G by 44% and a decrease in the concentration of Ig M and Ig A by 37% and 31.5%, respectively, were found. However, the indicators characterizing the state of protein metabolism, except for the total protein content, did not undergo significant changes.

The study presents the data on the cellular composition of the kidneys of the common carp against the background of the use of the probiotic Celloblacterin-T. The experiment was planned and carried out at a specialized fish farm in Voronezh region. Specimens of the common carp aged 1 year and weighing in the range of 250-300 grams were selected for the experiment. As part of the baseline study, kidneys were taken from fish (n=5) for cytological studies. After that, the fish were divided into 2 groups: carps from the control (n=8000) and experimental (n=8000) ponds. The fish from the control pond received the main diet, and the fish from the experimental pond received the probiotic drug Cellobacterin-T (with the main diet), calculated at a dose of 2 kg/t of feed. Then a test fishing was carried out, during which kidneys were taken from the specimens of both ponds (n=8 from each) for cytological studies. They were conducted 14 days after the beginning of using the probiotic and 42 days after the beginning (12 days after the end of using the probiotic).
In the baseline study, we revealed inhibition of the lymphoid lineage of the anterior kidney, an inflammatory neutrophilic reaction caused by the effect of heavy metals, as evidenced by a low number of lymphocytes (16.5%) and a high number of neutrophils and their precursors (10.5%). Against the background of the use of Cellobacterin-T, activation of lymphocytes was observed, their number increased by 1.9 times relative to the baseline study. The number of neutrophils and their precursors was reduced by 3 times. After discontinuation of the drug, the results of the experimental group were close to the results of the baseline study.

The drug "Delcid ® 7.5" was obtained in the scientific and innovation center "Agrovetzashchita". One ml of the drug as active ingredients contains: deltamethrin – 7.5 mg, diflubenzuron – 3 mg and piperonyl butoxide – 1.5 mg, as well as auxiliary substances. It has a wide spectrum of insecticidal and acaricidal action. The aim of our study was to study the therapeutic efficacy of the drug for veterinary use «Delcid ® 7.5» in bovine chorioptosis.
Methods. The test of the drug "Delcid ® 7.5" was carried out on 10 cows aged from May 17 to June 1, 2021 at the livestock enterprise SEC "Kobralovsky", located at the address: Leningrad region, Gatchina district, village. Kobralovo. Based on the results of clinical and laboratory studies on the principle of analogues, one experimental group (No. 1) of cows and one similar control group (No. 2) were formed with obvious clinical signs of chorioptosis and positive laboratory results. The drug "Delcid ® 7.5" was applied to cows of experimental group No. 1. Animals of control group No. 2 were treated with the drug "Butox 7.5" produced by Intervet International B.V. (Netherlands).
Results. According to the results of clinical examination of cows of experimental and control groups and laboratory examination of samples taken from them, it was found that the use of the drug "Delcid ® 7.5" allows us to talk about 100% effectiveness in chorioptosis of cattle. The presence of Chorioptes bovis ticks 5 days after the end of treatment in one of 10 samples taken from animals of the control group indicates 90% effectiveness of the drug "Butox 7.5" in chorioptosis of cattle.

It is known that the inclusion of antibiotics in chicken feed leads to the development of resistance in bacteria. It is for this reason that the search for additives to alternative antibiotics becomes relevant. The ability of gamma-glucanolactone to inhibit various quorum systems (QS) LuxI/LuxR in bacteria has been demonstrated. Based on this, it can be assumed that the use of this substance in the diet will reduce infections in the intestines of poultry and improve the effects of broiler rearing. The aim of this work was to evaluate the microbiome of the iliac intestine of broilers when introducing gammaoctanolactone into the diet.
The study was conducted using the sequencing method. Total DNA from samples of intestinal contents was isolated using the FastDNA ® Faecal Extraction Kit. Pair-end sequencing of DNA library amplicons was performed on the Illumina MiSeq Reagent Kit platform using the MiSeq v.2 Reagent Kit (500 cycles) (Illumina, San Diego, California, USA). The inclusion of gamma-octalactone in the diet of broilers at a dosage of 0.05 and 0,20 ml / kg w.m. / day contributes to an increase in the number of representatives of the phylum Firmicutes in the iliac intestine of poultry. The dosage of 0,05 ml / kg w.m. / day of gamma-octanolactone reduced the content of the genus Streptococcus by 4,21%; the dosage of 0,20 ml / kg w.m./ day of gammaoctanolactone increased by 10% representatives of the genera Lactobacillus and Turicibacter, relative to the control.

Currently, there is a sufficient amount of data on agricultural activities, including livestock, animal husbandry and fish farming, which can affect the physico-chemical and biological characteristics of freshwater lakes. However, the consequences of infection, contamination by agricultural activities, on the microbial ecosystem have been unclear.
Most toxins are hepatotoxic, so the hepatobiliary system is quite common in fish of all species. Depending on the degree of toxicity of the poison, the severity of the manifestation can manifest itself in the form of massive necrosis of hepatocytes with obvious acute liver failure, and in the form of chronic intoxication with a gradual increase in degenerative processes in the liver.
To assess the effectiveness of medicinal products for fish, a first test in the laboratory of the toxicity of pharmaceutical substances that are introduced into the reference preparation is necessary. So, because of diseases - hepatoprotectors is ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), which can be of two types - synthetic and extraction. Regardless of its nature, the drug has a place in its pharmacokinetic activity in both veterinary medicine and medicine.
At the moment, aqua and mariculture has a colossal dose in modern drugs for pharmacocorrection of pathological non-infectious etiology, which have complexity and a universal integral pharmacological response. However, the discovery of the area of discovery of medicinal compositions occurs due to the non-standard habitat of natural resources compared to classical ones.
Research in this area involves the use of new methodological approaches to the design of functional pharmaceutical substances.

The aim of the work is to study the effect of the complex drug interamin on the morphological blood indicators of calves with signs of antenatal hypotrophy. The object of the study were newborn calves, which were divided into 4 groups. The calves of the first experimental group (n=10, hypotrophic calves) were administered the complex drug interamin subcutaneously, five times on days 1, 3, 8-14, 18-24 and 56-60 of life at a dose of 1 ml per 10 kg of animal body weight. The calves of the second experimental group (n=10, hypotrophic calves) were administered "Biferon-B" subcutaneously, according to the above scheme. The calves of the third (n=10, negative control, hypotrophic calves) and fourth (n=10, control, normotrophic calves) groups were not treated with drugs. On the first day after birth, as well as on days 7, 30 of life and 5-10 days after the transfer to the rearing group, venous blood samples were taken from calves to assess its morphological composition. It has been established that hematological failures develop the calves with antenatal hypotrophy, manifested in the form of hypochromic anemia and a tendency to pancytopenia. The use of the drug interamin contributed to the activation of hematopoietic processes in calves with signs of antenatal hypotrophy. Thus, the number of erythrocytes in calves treated with interamin was significantly higher by 10.2, 7.6, 31.0% than in the calves from the negative control group, and the hemoglobin level from 7 to 60 days of life was within the reference range for these ages of this animal species. At the age of 7 days, against the background of the introduction of interamin, the number of leukocytes also increased by 6.4%, with a decrease in stab neutrophils by 52.5%, and segmented neutrophils – by 20.1%, with an increase in the percentage of lymphocytes by 39.4% relative to those in calves from the negative control group, and did not significantly differ from the indicators of normotrophic calves.

The safety of raw materials and food is one of the most important tasks in ensuring human safety. Food could be contaminated by veterinary drugs. Antibiotics and some their transformation products residues not only cause direct harm for the consumers health, such as allergic reactions, but also contribute the antibiotic resistance development. Recent methods in the analysis of antibiotics allow to investigate their distribution, accumulation and degradation in water, soil, plants, organs and tissues, as well as to determine their residues in food and raw materials at the maximum permissible levels. This work concerns the characteristics of the main groups antibacterial drugs used for the prevention and treatment of infectious animals’ diseases and the analysis of their identification in animal products (milk and dairy products, eggs, honey, meat and meat products) in 2020-2021 using high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Universal approaches in the sample preparation and antibiotics determination assist the analysis time reducing, while ensuring its accuracy, and in addition, increase the range of identified potentially dangerous pollutants. The analysis of the antibiotic’s residues identification above maximum permissible levels showed that the highest percentage is reported for quinolones (41.1%). Groups of antibiotics with minimal contamination risk include aminoglycosides, pleuromutilins and cephalosporins. The data obtained are considered in risk-based approach of planning, sampling and analysis evaluation within the framework of food safety monitoring carried out by the Rosselkhoznadzor.

It is most rational to use complex preparations, thereby solving several problems at once. Firstly, there is an antimicrobial effect on the microflora, and secondly, sorption and evacuation of myctoxins and other toxigenic substances are carried out.
The purpose of the experiment was to study the effect of a new phytosorption complex on the milk production of goats. The studies were carried out on goats of the Saanen breed, in one of the farms of the Leningrad region. Two groups of animals were created with 10 animals each. Previously, in order to create equivalent ones, the grading of animals was carried out according to their productivity.
Goats of the experimental group, in addition to the basic diet, were added a phytosorption complex at a dose of 4% of the daily intake of feed. The experiment time was 30 days. The effects of the phytosorption complex on milk production indicators were taken into account. The biochemical properties of milk were determined according to GOST 32949-2014. The study of blood was carried out according to standard methods, using hardware technologies. The obtained data were processed using the STATISTICA 6.0 program, the differences were considered statistically significant at p<0.05.
The experiment showed that the addition of the phytosorption complex to the diet had a positive effect on the body of experimental animals, which affected milk productivity, the increase in the experimental group was 25%. The positive effect of the phytosorption complex is also evidenced by blood indicators, where an increase in erythrocytes by 9.8% and hemoglobin by 13.28% can be noted, which may indicate an increase in the respiratory function of the blood. An increase in immunoglobulins indicates an increase in the immune status of experimental animals. An increase in IgA by 8.9% indicates an increase in the protective functions of the mucous membranes, an increase in the possibility of sorption of microorganisms.
Thus, the introduction of phytosorption complexes into the diet of goats is an expedient and definitely promising direction in the prevention of both infectious diseases and toxicosis.

The Amur region is one of the main agricultural areas of the Far East. The main agricultural crop in the fields of the southern zone of the Middle Priamurye is soybean. Soybean production waste, such as soybean straw and soybean husk, are most often used by livestock breeders as roughage in the main diet. According to the monitoring results of heavy metal content in soybean production waste in the farms of the southern zone of the Amur region, it can be noted that these indicators do not exceed the maximum allowable concentrations. There is also an insufficient content of such elements as copper and zinc in soybean straw and soybean husks, which must be taken into account when formulating diets for farm animal feeding and introduce additional mineral supplements to prevent metabolic diseases.

Gastrointestinal diseases occupy one of the leading places in terms of frequency and mass manifestation in the structure of pathologies of young farm animals. It is known that the main causes of the death of young cattle (cattle) are various viral and bacterial infections, as well as errors in keeping and feeding. Therefore, the development of feed additives from natural components, characterized by eco-friendly, cheapness, harmlessness in handling and technology in use, to reduce the incidence of animals due to nonspecific stimulation of protective mechanisms in the body remains an urgent task in the form of activation of bactericidal, lysozyme activity of blood serum. In this regard, the aim of the research was to determine the effectiveness of a natural feed additive consisting of the mycelial fungus Trichoderma reesei LA-531 VKPM F-184, a soil isolate – producer of cellulases and hemicellulases, which use to produce feed protein, with the addition of fungus Ganoderma Lucidum, which has an immunomodulatory, antitumor, antiviral, antibiotic properties and is widely used in biotechnology, and sphagnum moss. The experiments were conducted on the basis of the farm of LLC "Biruli" of the Republic of Tatarstan on calves of 2 months of age, with a live weight of 60-70 kg, divided into three groups of 10 heads each. Group 1 calves received a basic ration (BR) with the addition of feed grain mixed with a substrate (moss-sphagnum) at a dose of 1 % of the ration. The calves of the 2nd group received a developed feed additive in addition to the BR (at the rate of 1% of the diet). The calves of the 3 groups were given BR (biological control). The experimental period was 30 days. It is shown that daily addition of a feed additive at a dose of 1% of the basic diet increases the safety of young animals by 20.0 %, leads to a decrease in the incidence of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases by 40.0 %, contributes to an increase in the average daily weight gain by 30.1 % compared with the control group.

In the FNC "VNITIP RAS", an experiment was carried out on broiler chickens of the cross breeding of the SGC "Smena 8". According to the principle of analogues, four groups of chickens were formed. The effect of an organic mineral supplement in the form of L-asparaginates (OMEC-broiler) in combination with and without phytase on broiler productivity and muscle tissue quality was studied. The results obtained show that the introduction of a complex of trace elements in the form of L-asparaginates in the amount of 2.5% of the guaranteed norms into the feed of broiler chickens has a positive effect on the metabolic processes of birds, contributing to an increase in live weight, with a similar average daily increase. At the same time, the feed costs per kg of gain for the experimental groups of chickens in comparison with the control group became less. The highest average daily increase in live weight for 5 weeks of broiler rearing was observed in chickens of the fourth group (56.31 g), who received feed without the inclusion of premixes (OR2), but with a content of 2.5% organic trace elements from the accepted norms and with the addition of phytase in the amount of 1 million units per ton. At the same time, there was a low feed conversion (1,652 kg/kg) and a productivity index (EPI) equal to 352.42 units. The indicators of the quality of muscle tissue, at the same time, remain at a good level.

The results of the metagenomic analysis revealed a high phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity of the microbial community of both luminal and mucosal microflora of the bird intestinal microbiome. Analysis of the taxonomic structure of the compared microbiomes showed both similarities and differences in the taxonomic diversity and relative abundance (%) of bacteria of the compared microbiomes at the level of order, class, genus.
At the type level, 24 taxonomic categories were identified in the luminal and mucosal intestinal microbiome of birds, at the class level 35, at the order level 75, at the family level 168, at the genus level 350.
The main share of the microbial community of the luminal and mucosal microbiome was made up of microorganisms belonging to the Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria Cyanobacteria, and Bacteroidetes phyla. Comparison of the biological diversity of the colonic and mucosal microbiomes at the phylum level showed that the relative value of Proteobacteria in relation to Firmicutes in the mucosal microbiome was 3.25 times higher, and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes in the colonic microbiome was 3.98 times higher. than in mucosal.
At the genus level, differences in the composition of microbiomes were manifested by a greater relative share (in decreasing order) in the luminal microbiome of representatives of the genus Lactobacillus, Candidatus Arthromitus, Romboutsia, Gallibacterium, Campylobacter, Enterococcus, and representatives of the genus Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus, Bacillus and Bradyrhizobium in the mucosal microbiome. An in-depth study of the intestinal microbiota using cultivation techniques and high-tech methods for identifying microorganisms, taking into account the results of metagenomic analysis, can significantly expand the understanding of the species diversity of microbiomes and the functions of representatives of various taxa in maintaining bird health, as well as to form a census of representatives of normal bird microflora.

The current work analyses dynamics and key indicator changes in milk productivity and development in a livestock of 857 first heifers in a breeding cattle farm in Leningrad Region between 2017 and 2021. In the five years the share of high-producing animals (over 10000 kg of milk per. 305 days) in the first lactation period increased. A growth in milk fat and protein levels and increased milk yield rate were also witnessed. Mass fraction of fat increased 0.03% by 2021 compared to 2017. Mass fraction of protein gradually increased over the five years and was 3.22% by 2021, up 0.06% from 2017. The amount of milk fat increased by 6%, and the amount of protein also gradually increased, and by 2021 was 7.6% higher than the initial figure. There was a slight decreased in a first-heifer weight (by 2.8%). The share of first-heifers with milk production above 10000 kg per lactation increased by 18.5% from 2017 to 2021, and the yield increased by 6%. There is a correlation between the milk yield and the number of high producing cows yielding over 10000 kg during a lactation period. A comparative evaluation with the standard of the breed showed that the average milk production exceeded the standard by 111%, the mass fraction of fat – 115%, the mass fraction of protein – 0.18%, the amount of milk protein – 133.6%, the development (weight) – 23%. The collected data signify focused selection work carried out in the farm and are likely to result from the use Holstein bull-improvers.

The article discusses the results of a study of markers of lipolysis and gluconeogenesis in new-calf cows against the background of subclinical and clinical ketosis. The indicator of beta-hydroxybutyric acid in blood serum was chosen as a marker for the formation of groups based on the presence of ketosis and its form. Cows with an indicator of up to 1.0 mmol/l were considered healthy, the presence of subclinical ketosis was determined at a level of beta-hydroxybutyrate from 1.1 to 1.5 mmol/l, clinical ketosis - over 1.6 mmol/l. Cows were bled 3-7 days after calving and a study was made of the concentration of beta-hydroxybutyric acid, glucose, fructosamine, non-esterified fatty acids, cortisol and ALT activity. The results of the study revealed a significant increase in the concentration of non-esterified fatty acids in cows with moderate ketonemia by 46.9%, and in cows with a pronounced increase in the content of beta-hydrosibutyrate in the blood - by 79.8%. When considering the concentration of glucose in cows with different levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate in the blood, there is a slight increase in the indicator by 14.5% (P> 0.05) in cows with subclinical ketosis, but in animals with severe ketonemia, a significant decrease in glucose by 38.3 %. Cows in subclinical and clinical ketosis had significantly higher levels of cortisol (1.9 and 2.4 times, respectively) than cows with low blood levels of betahydroxybutyric acid. At the same time, cows with clinical ketosis showed a significant increase in the concentration of fructosamine by 22.3%. Subclinical ketosis, manifested by a moderate increase in the concentration of beta-hydroxybutyric acid in the blood (1.1 - 1.5 mmol / l), causes adaptive reactions in the body aimed at maintaining glucose homeostasis and extracting lipids from the depot that compensate for a temporary energy deficit. Clinical ketosis is accompanied by dissociation of the regulatory mechanisms of anabolic and catabolic processes in the body of a freshly calved cow.

The functional state of the heart, liver and kidneys of Dekalb White cross chickens kept for 13 weeks under different light conditions was assessed. The study was carried out in the Department of Аnimal Husbandry and Poultry Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Far East Zone Research Veterinary Institute and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology FSBEI HE Amur SMA MOH Russia, Blagoveshchensk, Amur region, Russia. In the conditions of the Belogorskaya poultry farm of the Amur region, chickens were kept in cell batteries from the age of 3 weeks at standard (6-10 lux) and brighter (40-50 lux) illumination. During the experiment, laboratory diagnostics of the blood of birds aged 4, 9, 12 and 16 weeks was carried out. 60 young laying hens aged 16 weeks were taken for anatomical examination, macro- and micromorphological examination of the heart, liver and kidneys was performed. It was revealed that at a low level of illumination (6-10 lux), the amount of hemoglobin in the blood of chickens decreased by 5,5-12,5% and erythrocytes by 4,2-15,5%, from 9 weeks of age, the amount of glucose decreased by 29,7% compared to the norm with an increase in the level of gamma globulins by 17,4-48,2%, bilirubin by 2,9 times, aspartate aminotransferase by 2,5 times, alanine aminotransferase by 2,2 times, creatinine by 63,7% higher than normal, at 16 weeks of age, an increase in absolute weight right ventricle of the heart by 4,5%, interventricular septum by 22,2%, epicardial fat by 11,0% and abdominal fat by 17,4%. In chickens with illumination of 40-50 lux, the established deviations were less significant, microscopy showed an increase in the area of the lumen of the arterial vessels by 27,1% in the myocardium and 5,7% in the hepatic lobules, a decrease in the area of the juxtamedullary glomeruli by 5,9%, the area of the lumen of the proximal and distal tubules of nephrons by 8,6-33,7%, indicating an improvement in the functional state of the heart, liver and kidneys.

Additive technologies have been actively developing in recent decades. Their introduction into medicine provides new opportunities for reconstructive treatment, including animal patients.One of the most popular materials for 3D printing is titanium and titanium alloys. Their demand is explained by the properties of mechanical biocompatibility, strength and elasticity comparable to bone.
The purpose of this review was to summarize data on the use of 3D printed titanium implants for the treatment of animals with bone defects. The search for information was carried out in the databases of scientific data of domestic and foreign literature and medical resources.
The conducted studies have shown that the use of 3D printing technology makes it possible to design and create individual implants and endoprostheses based on images of each patient, exactly corresponding to the area of the defect. This approach reduces the time of surgical intervention, reduces the time of postoperative recovery.Possibility of obtaining the necessary specified porosity and surface roughness, which leads to a decrease in the micromovement of the boneimplant structure and promotes good osseointegration. These properties are the advantages of 3D printing implants made of titanium and titanium alloys.
The given practical examples of the use of individual three-dimensional titanium implants show the possibilities of using additive technology for veterinary medicine.

Gastrointestinal or alimentary lymphoma is the most common primary malignant neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract in cats. The aim of the work is to study the pathogmonicity of functional and laboratory parameters in alimentary lymphoma in cats. The objects of the study were cats of different breeds, the age ranged from 2 to 16 years, the average live weight at the time of admission was 3.9 kg with pronounced gastroenterological disorders. Two groups of cats were created for the study: 1st – control (healthy individuals; n= 10), 2nd – experimental (sick individuals; n= 20). All cats were subjected to standard clinical examination by general methods - examination, palpation, auscultation, thermometry. Anamnesis was carefully collected and general (hematological analyzer URIT-2800Vet) and biochemical (automatic biochemical analyzer IDEXX Catalist) blood tests and additional research methods were performed. Gastrointestinal lymphomas are the leaders – 79% of all lymphomas. The vast majority of cats had progressive weight loss, hypo- and anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea. Solid neoplasms in the abdominal cavity were palpated only in 11 cats. In the general blood test, erythrocytes in the experimental group are lower than in the control group (6.23±0.28x1012/l versus 8.40±0.81x1012/l; P<0.01); the level of leukocytes in the experimental group is 78% higher than in the control group (P<0.001); the number of lymphocytes is higher in the experimental group by 74.3% (P <0.001); monocytes were higher in the experimental group - 7.21 ±0.39% versus 4.0±1.05% (P <0.01). Biochemical blood analysis showed that the studied parameters in sick cats are mainly within the reference values. The level of urea is higher in sick cats by 38.71% (P <0.05), AST by 88.79%. As the most pronounced clinical signs of alimentary lymphoma, hypo- and anorexia, progressive weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea can be distinguished, from laboratory indicators - a decrease in the number of red blood cells, an increase in the number of leukocytes, including monocytes, an increase in urea levels.

The study of the heart, as well as its blood supply, is of particular scientific interest in the field of veterinary and human morphology due to the widespread use of pigs as experimental animals in transplantology. Knowledge of the breed and age anatomical, topographic and morphometric characteristics of the coronary arteries of the heart will allow us to use the data obtained by us not only for experimental and scientific purposes, but also in veterinary practice for the prevention and treatment of pathologies of the cardiovascular system of pigs. Based on the foregoing, the purpose of our study is to study the anatomical, topographic and morphometric characteristics of the right coronary artery of the heart of newborn piglets of the Yorkshire breed at the age of one to three days.
The material for the study was the corpses of newborn piglets aged one to three days, who fell after internal non-different diseases of unknown etiology. The cadaveric material was delivered to the Department of Animal Anatomy from private farms in the Leningrad Region. In total, ten corpses of newborn pigs of the Yorkshire breed were examined. The methods for the study were: fine anatomical preparation, morphometry using an Elitech electronic caliper with a division value of 0.02 mm, made in the USA and the manufacture of a corrosive preparation based on latex milk with subsequent processing sodium hydroxide. The processing of the obtained morphometric data was carried out in the Excel program.
According to the results of the study, it was found that in newborn piglets of the Yorkshire breed at the age of one to three days, the right coronary artery has such main branches as the right diagonal and right subsinus arteries. The right coronary artery in the studied animals is involved in the blood supply to the wall and cavity of the right ventricle, the wall and cavity of the right atrium with its heart auricle, the interventricular septum, and also the right anterior surface of the wall of the left ventricle. It has been determined that the heart of newborn piglets of the Yorkshire breed has a uniform type of blood supply to the heart with a slight dominance of the right coronary artery over the left.

One of the urgent problems of modern highly productive dairy cattle breeding is the problem of the mass manifestation of the pathology of the reproductive organs in cows, which entails a decrease in the potential of their fertility and milk productivity. The article presents data on the characteristics of the milk cell pool in cows with various forms of mastitis, as well as with the normal functioning of the mammary gland. For the study in lactating cows (n = 20) with a confirmed diagnosis of subclinical (n = 8) and clinically expressed mastitis (n = 8), as well as in healthy animals (n = 6), the secret of the mammary gland was taken for histological studies. In modern science, the technique of cell blocks is gaining popularity. With its help, it is possible to study biological fluids in more detail, if necessary, to conduct additional histochemical studies. This technique is used quite rarely, as it is quite labor-intensive, but despite this it is of great value in studying the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases of the mammary gland. It has been shown that in healthy cows a small number of cells are visualized in preparations, among which leukocytes make up about 50%. In the subclinical form, neutrophils accounted for 70% of the cell pool, while some of them had vacuolated cytoplasm. In the preparations of cell blocks of milk with clinical mastitis, neutrophils occupied almost the entire area of the preparation, while in addition to vacuolization, hypersegmentation of the nucleus, karyopyknosis and karyorrhexis were noted. The conducted studies have shown that this method is promising in the study of the pathogenesis of breast diseases.

Veterinary physiotherapy rehabilitation is one of the areas of application of physical factors for the recovery of animals with loss of function as a result of injury or disease. There is an obvious need to restore animals with diseases of the musculoskeletal system, spine, with forced immobilization in acute trauma or prescribed to reduce the load on the diseased limb, which inevitably leads to a decrease in muscle mass, a decrease in the elasticity of the tendon-ligamentous apparatus and prevents a return to full functional activity. The problem of effective anelgysia after surgical treatment in small pets is also important. Modern nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are designed to solve the issues of reducing inflammation and anelgisia in diseases of the spinal column, after post-traumatic and surgical treatment methods. Physiotherapy techniques based on a low-frequency magnetic field can serve as an auxiliary pathogenetic treatment method that accelerates the duration of treatment, since in the sinusoidal non-thermal mode they have an antispasmodic, analgesic effect, and in the thermal pulsating they stimulate neurotrophic reactions. The aim of our study was a comparative study of the recovery period in cats and dogs after surgical treatment or injuries using physiotherapy in combination with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in several veterinary clinics. 100 case histories of small pets were studied. As a result, it was revealed that physiotherapy rehabilitation is effective, has no adverse reactions, is well perceived by animals and can be organized at veterinary clinics of different levels.

The similarity of porcine coronary circulation with humans [15], hemodynamic parameters [16] is suitable for using the porcine heart as an experimental model of cardiovascular diseases specific to humans. Pigs are a source of human valve bioprostheses [12]. Studies of pigs as donors for xenotransplantation have shown that it is impossible to unequivocally consider the heart of a pig to be identical to a human heart. The topography of the conducting system of the pig leads to significant differences in the sequence of depolarization of the heart ventricles, which must be taken into account when conducting electrocardiographic studies [3, 4].
The aim of the study was to study the amplitude-temporal characteristics of the ECG in a normal pig. ECG in pigs was recorded in sagittal bipolar trunk leads according to Roshchevsky [7]. Animals were anesthetized with 1% solution of ventranquil (0,02 ml/kg), urethane (1,5 g/kg) intramuscularly. Heart rate in anesthetized pigs varied from 74 to 194 beats/min, the animals were divided into three groups. In the first group, animals with heart rate less than 100 beats/min, in the second from 100 to 150 beats/min, in the third more than 150 beats/min.
In the course of the study, it was shown that in bipolar sagittal leads, the P-wave is positive single-phase; the most common configuration of the initial ventricular activity complex is rS; The T-wave is mostly positive. In animals from groups with significant differences in heart rate on the ECG in three bipolar sagittal leads, the shape and duration of the Q, R, S waves did not differ, the duration of the PQ and QT intervals differed significantly. The duration of the corrected QTc interval in animals with different heart rates practically did not differ.

In connection with the intensification and specialization of agricultural production, in particular animal husbandry, in the Astrakhan region, the volume of work of veterinary specialists has sharply increased in carrying out planned measures to prevent and improve methods of treating internal noncommunicable diseases, as well as the study of metabolic disorders in productive animals, in particular, by application of biotic doses of microelements in animal husbandry. Our work presents data from biogeochemical studies of pasture ecosystems in the Astrakhan region.
The studies were carried out in the spring -summer period of 2021-2022 on groups of different ages (6 months, 12 months, 36 months, 72 months) of Holstein cattle owned by citizens and farms of Limansky, Kamyzyaksky and Privolzhsky districts of the Astrakhan region.
In addition, in 10 cattle animals, during planned slaughter, various tissues and organs were taken for analysis in order to determine the level of trace elements.
Determination of the levels of trace elements in the ecosystem was carried out in the Astrakhan region at the latitude 46° 20’58" (46° 20'98) north latitude and longi tude 48°2'26" (48° 2'44) east longitude.
Trace elements in the selected samples of the pasture ecosystem, as well as in the organs and tissues of cattle, were determined by the atomic absorption method. A low level of trace elements was found in the soil, plants and feed of the ecosystem of the Astrakhan region relative to the "reference" chernozem region, where animal hypomicroelementoses and regulatory data are not recorded.
The highest concentration of iodine was recorded in the blood - 0.58 ± 0.008 mg/kg, and the lowest - in the muscle tissue (0.09 ± 0.002 mg/kg), the highest concentration of selenium was determined in the tissues of the kidneys and liver (0.74 ± 0.018 and 0 .72 ± 0.113 mg/kg, respectively), and the smallest - in the muscles and lungs. The concentration of manganese in the body of cattle ranged from 32.98 ± 1.18 to 67.46 ± 1.33 mg/kg.

Pathomorphological examination is an important method of diagnosing various animal diseases. Autopsy results provide a preliminary diagnosis of the disease, are important for differential diagnosis, and in combination with histological examination may be sufficient to establish a final diagnosis.
The serous membranes lining the internal cavities of the body produce and absorb a specific serous fluid that supports the dynamic qualities of internal organs; perform a protective function.
Pathologoanatomic changes of the pleura and peritoneum were studied in six cats, the histological picture in two animals.
Pathologoanatomic changes in four cats were characteristic for infectious peritonitis – the main cause of damage to serous membranes in this animal species. The exudative form of the disease was detected in one cat as subacute serofibrinous peritonitis. The mixed form was observed in three individuals with the phenomena of subacute serous pleurisy and peritonitis, fibrinous perigepatitis, bilateral granulomatous nephritis, granulomatous pleurisy and pericarditis, lobar granulomatous pneumonia. The damage of the peritoneum was noted in all four cases, the pleura – in two of these.
Upon autopsy of the corpse of one animal, a combination of subacute sero-fibrinous pleurisy and subacute focal necrotic pneumonia of the cranial lobes of the lungs against the background of panleukopenia was diagnosed. These changes could have both bacterial and viral origin.
One cat had a tumor of the left horn of the uterus with single neoplasms in the pleura of the diaphragm and multiple ones in the mesentery of the small intestine, thicker than the pleura, lung. Histological examination revealed that this is a tubular-papillary carcinoma with metastases. Under the microscope, tubular structures are noticeable, the lumen of which is made by papillary outgrowths of densely arranged atypical polymorphic cells.

The breast bone forms the lower limits of the chest, where, under the influence of inspiratory muscles, it moves down, and expiratory muscles - up. During land travel, kinetic energy is absorbed through the breast bone. In the available literature, there are descriptions of the breast bone in some mammals, however, in the Baikal seal, the data require additional clarification. The material was sternum from Baikal seals aged from 6 months to 11 years (n=7). In the course of the study, the specific features of the morphology of the sternum of the Baikal seal in the age aspect were established. In particular, the sternum is formed from the handle, seven body segments, the xiphoid process and well-defined cartilages (the handle and the xiphoid process). The value of the length of the breast bone increases 1.4 times with age and is 47.7 ± 1.87 cm. Features of the morphology of the cartilaginous structures of the sternum, create mobility in its cranial part, and maximum strength between the 7th segment and the xiphoid process. The cartilage of the handle at the base is expanded, with age it undergoes ossification. In kumutkans, it is 68.4±2.33 mm long, 13.1±1.09 mm wide and 5.8±0.13 mm thick; by the age of mature seals, these values increased 1.6 times, 1.8 and 1.9 times, respectively. The segments of the thoracic bone body have a prismatic shape with rounded edges, and on the surfaces from the 3rd-4^th cranial ends of the segments and from the 1^st (2nd) to the 7th caudal ends, the presence of a pronounced median furrow is noted. On the xiphoid process, two pits and a protruding dorsally ridge stand out, and its cartilage has a pronounced pedicle, which caudally turns into a rounded plate.

Questions related to the peculiarities of the structure of the kidneys in productive animals are currently relevant, and affect such an apparatus as urination. The study of the structure of the organs of urination, in particular, the kidneys, their anatomy and histology in animals in species, breed and age aspects, expand the field of knowledge of veterinary specialists. This knowledge allows you to select an individual approach to a specific animal in the treatment of kidney pathology, thanks to the study of embryogenesis and the peculiarities of the development of this organ in neonatal animals. The aim of the study was to study the features of the histological structure of the kidneys in newborn one–day-old Yorkshire piglets, as well as to establish morphometric parameters of histostructures of this organ.
Cadaveric material for the study was delivered to the Department of Animal Anatomy of the SPbGUVM from the Idavang Agro pig breeding complex in Nurma village, Tosnensky district of the Leningrad region. The objects for this study were newborn one-day Yorkshire piglets in the number of five males and females. The age was determined by the bonus cards and from the words of the chief veterinarian of the farm.
To achieve this task, a complex of traditional anatomical research methods was used: fine anatomical dissection, histological, photographing and morphometry. Histological examination revealed that in Yorkshire piglets, the kidney on the incision has a cortical and cerebral substance, which is a densely intertwined compound consisting of epithelial tubules and tubules, between which renal corpuscles and blood vessels of various types are visualized. According to the results of the histological study, morphometric data for each anatomical structure in female and male piglets of this group are presented.

The frequency of oncological diseases in animals is becoming more and more every year. The development of diagnostic studies, the development of new treatment protocols contributes in some cases to improving the prognosis of the disease. However, a big problem is the development of paraneoplastic syndromes in various oncological pathologies, which leads, on the contrary, to a deterioration in the prognosis. There is no specific treatment for paraneoplastic processes – improvement of the condition and disappearance of paraneoplastic manifestations is the result of treatment of the primary tumor. Cancer-associated ophthalmopathies, such as paraneoplastic syndrome, are no exception. In addition to secondary eye pathologies, intraocular neoplasms are also found against the background of oncological processes. Intraocular tumors in animals are relatively rare neoplasms, there are both malignant and benign tumor processes. In dogs, we most often encounter pigmented melanomas, less often with squamous cell carcinoma and sarcomas of an unclear phenotype. In cats, the most common intraocular pathology is melanoma, followed by lymphoma and posttraumatic sarcoma of the orbit of the eye is not uncommon. They can develop in both elderly animals and animals of a younger age group. This article presents the results of studies of risk factors for the occurrence and development of immune-mediated paraneoplastic ophthalmopathies in dogs and cats. The article discusses the possible causes of the development of ophthalmic paraneoplastic pathologies, the etiopathogenesis of which includes a number of factors. The possibilities of innovative diagnostic methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography, complete ophthalmological examination using modern ophthalmological equipment, are considered. And the variants of morphological diagnoses are presented, in which cancer-associated ophthalmopathies most often develop.

As is known, the liver in the body of mammalian animals converts nutrients into other chemical formations, which are later used by the body itself or are excreted. Also, this organ performs a detoxification function. The liver contains the necessary supply of blood, vitamins and carbohydrates for the animal, as well as the synthesis of some blood proteins and other vital organic substances. It is known that up to 1,000 different biochemical processes take place in this largest gland of the body, however, due to the enormous load on the hepatocyte, it often undergoes destruction. The level and intensity of metabolic processes in the body of animals depends on the morphofunctional state of this organ. The aim of the research was to study the spread and manifestation of hepatopathy in monogastric animals in the conditions of the Northern Trans-Urals. The liver of the studied animals (rabbits and dogs) was selected for morphohistological studies. Based on the conducted studies and analysis of the results obtained, it was found that various types of hepatopathy in rabbits with unbalanced feeding and feeding with substandard feed were observed in 45% of cases, and in dogs - in 41.7% of cases. For the digestive glands, both substandard commercial feed and feed prepared by the owners of animals themselves have a negative impact. At the same time, the degree of liver dysfunction did not depend on whether the animals were fed industrial feed or food "from the table". In the course of our research, the following data were obtained: during morphological examination of the liver of rabbits, pathologies were established in 45% of cases, of which hydropic dystrophy -10%, hepatosis -20%, cirrhosis -15%. Liver dysfunction, as an independent disease, was registered in dogs in 14.1% of cases. In experimental dogs, we treated the following types of liver lesions: 42% - liver steatosis, 24.5% - liver inflammation, 12% - liver cirrhosis, 19.2% - cholecystitis, 2.3% - liver neoplasms.

The study examined the effect of polymorphism of the fibroblast growth factor 21 gene (Bos taurus FGF21 g.940 C/T) on the level of FGF21 and biochemical metabolic parameters in blood serum of highproducing cows. DNA genotyping of 148 animals of Holstein cows was performed by a PCR-RFLP method. As a result of genotyping, two FGFC – 0.642 and FGFT – 0.358 alleles as well as two FGFCC – 28.4% (42 animals) and FGFTC – 71.6% (106 animals) genotypes were identified. Individuals with the FGFTT genotype were not identified. The obtained data show that the seroen zyme FGF21 level is statistically significantly higher in cows with the FGF21CC genotype than in cows of the heterozygous genotype by 165.5 pg/ml (28.2%; p < 0.001). Analysis of the association between the polymorphism of the FGF21 gene and the level of fibroblast growth factor 21 suggests that the activity of this enzyme changes depending on the genotype, as a result of which there is a variation in serum biochemical parameters of Holstein cattle.

The study of the genetic aspects of the regulation of lipid metabolism at the present stage is of particular importance. To develop a complete differentiated approach to assessing the initiation and progression of metabolic disorders, it is necessary to use molecular genetic markers that allow more accurate diagnosis and control the effectiveness of the treatment.
The aim of our study was to study the role of the FABP family gene in the regulation of lipid metabolism in the brood stock of common carp (CYPRINUS CARPIO).
The article presents the data on the expression of the FABP gene involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism. The study was conducted on one of the farms of Voronezh region specializing in the breeding and rearing of commercial fish. The studied breeding population was divided into two groups, according to the age indicator. The first group (n=6) (the main population) was formed by individuals weighing 4-7 kg, aged 4-7 years, the second (n=6) – individuals weighing 8-17 kg, aged 7 years and older. When studying the expression level of the FABP3 gene in the liver, which is involved in the β-oxidation of fatty acids, the following results were obtained: in the second group, its level was by 5.5 times higher than in the liver of individuals of the first group. The level of expression of the FABP3 gene in mucus in the two groups of fish did not differ statistically. When assessing the expression level of the FABP3 gene in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the liver and mucus, in the group with aged individuals, the expression of the FABP3 gene was significantly higher than in younger individuals, which in our opinion may be associated with age-related disorders of the process of β-oxidation of fatty acids.

The relevance of this study is due to the need to assess the functioning of the cellular component of the immune system in dynamics in sows before insemination, during periods of gestation and lactation in the norm and in the event of postpartum pathology.
The purpose of the research is to study cellular immunity in sows in different physiological conditions. The article presents the results of a study of cellular immunity in sows before insemination, during periods of gestation and lactation in normal and postpartum pathology in an industrial pigbreeding complex. Cellular immunity indicators were determined in the blood: T- and Blymphocytes, theophylline-resistant (Ttfr), theophylline-sensitive (Ttfh) lymphocytes and their ratio (Ttfr/Ttfh) in accordance with the "Methodological recommendations for assessing and correcting the immune status of animals" .
Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the program Statistica v6.1, reliability assessment - Student's test.
It has been established that before insemination, diseased animals have reduced cellular adaptive immunity compared to clinically healthy sows. With the onset of gestation (37-39 days), sows of both groups showed suppression of cellular immunity, which is necessary to ensure the tolerance of the mother's body to fetal alloantigens, the normal course of pregnancy and fetal development, which was more significant in diseased animals. In the second half of gestation (78-80 days), the marked increase in cellular adaptive immunity in sows of both groups is associated with the effect of antigens of the administered vaccines, which was more pronounced in clinically healthy animals. During lactation, the cellular immune response to the administered vaccines in diseased sows was also less significant.

Correction of chronic kidney disease (CKD) of the third stage (moderate renal azotemia) according to IRIS in cats should be carried out in a complex manner, taking into account the nature of the correlative relationships of redox homeostasis and functional disorders of the hepatorenal system. The additional antioxidant support of the organism as part of a complex scheme for the correction of chronic kidney disease (CKD) of the third stage (moderate renal azotemia) according to IRIS in cats contributed to the optimization of redox homeostasis (MDA– 18.45±1.38 µmol/ml and 24.96±1.07 µmol/ml DK - 0.43±0.03 uA/ml and 0.76±0.05 uA/ml CT - 0.56±0.02 Bach units and 0.41±0.02 Bach units ), normalization of indicators of functional activity of the components of the hepatorenal system (SDMA - 16.09±3.45 ug/dL and 21.32±3.05 ug/dL; UREA - 22.58±3.30 μmol/l and 28.73± 2.94 µmol/l, CREA - 252.91±9.35 µmol/l and 299.24±8.03 µmol/l, ALT - 56.89±5.10 U/l and 73.06±3.45 U /l, AST - 23.40±2.91 U/l and 26.71±2.17 U/l, ALP - 24.08±1.39 U/l and 28.93±1.60 U/l ), which in turn contributed to the correction of the level of metabolic processes of the body (T-Pro - 66.81±1.32 g/l and 72.86±2.60 g/l; GLB - 34.61±2.06 g/ l and 40.88±1.90 g/l, A/G - 0.93±0.02 and 0.78±0.03, P - 2.25±0.14 mmol/l and 2.70± 0.12 mmol/l Ca - 2.09±0.04 mmol/l and 1.89±0.10 mmol /l).

Respiratory diseases are widespread among cattle and represent a significant proportion of the causes of abandonment in dairy and beef cattle. Despite the fact that new vaccines are being developed and introduced to combat respiratory diseases, which create humoral immunity to the main specific pathogens of respiratory diseases, the problem persists. Thus, it can be assumed that a significant proportion of respiratory diseases is caused by opportunistic microflora. Previous studies have shown that in calves under the influence of adverse microclimate factors, the microflora of the upper respiratory tract migrates to the underlying parts of the respiratory tract, resulting in bronchopneumonia.The study of local immunity indicators in healthy calves and calves with bronchopneumonia was realized. The study involved 8 Holstein calves aged 4-5 months, which were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 (control, n = 3) - clinically healthy calves, group 2 (experiment, n = 5) – calves with bronchopneumonia. Nasal secretions were collected from calves to assess local protection of the respiratory tract. The level of lysozyme, mucin, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, IgM, IgA and IgG was determined in it. The study of nonspecific factors protecting the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract showed a decrease in the level of lysozyme by 27.4% (p ˂ 0.01), as well as an increase in mucin by 76.4% and alkaline phosphatase - by 2.3 times compared with healthy calves. At the same time, with the development of pneumonia, there was an increase in the level of immunoglobulins M and A by 2.5 times (p ˂ 0.05). Thus, the conducted studies have shown that in case of bronchopneumonia, the barrier functions of the respiratory tract are activated to a large extent. In the nasal mucus of sick calves, the level of secretory immunoglobulins A and M increases, the production of alkaline phosphatase and mucin is activated.

The article is devoted to the morphogenesis of the ovary of chickens in embryonic ontogenesis, namely, in the embryonic period, which lasts from the beginning of incubation to the 8-day age of the chicken embryo. The aim of the study was to study the morphology of the development of the ovary of chickens in early embryonic ontogenesis. The objectives of the study included: determining the timing of the onset of ovarian development in chicken embryos; determining the age of the chicken embryo in which the reduction of one of the gonads begins, namely the right one; determining the size of epithelial cells; describing the morphology of gonocytes. It has been established that the development of gonads in chicken embryos, in particular the ovary, begins on the fourth day of embryogenesis in the form of two strips. By the sixth day, the right and left gonads are already roller-shaped bodies with a covering epithelium and a capillary system. At the seven day age of the embryos, the reduction of the right ovary begins. At the eight day age of embryos, the thickness of the integumentary epithelium of the left ovary is 1,3 times higher than that of the right ovary, since the thickness of the epithelium in the left ovary was 6,9 microns, whereas in the right one 5,4 microns. By the end of the embryonic period, namely by the age of 8 days, there is no clear division of the organ into cortical and cerebral matter in the developing ovaries, there is an increase in vascularization of the organ and a decrease in the density of gonocyte placement. It should also be noted the intensive growth of the chicken embryo itself in the embryonic period, since the weight of the embryo increased 11 times from 4 to 8 days of age.

Selenium is an essential trace element in the diet of farm animals. Selenium is a part of the antioxidant enzymes, preventing the free radicals cell destruction. Selenium availability varies greatly due to the great number of biogeochemical territories. The NorthWestern region of Russia is a territory with selenium deficiency in soils and plants. In this study, it was found that the concentration of selenium in pasture plants was in the range from 0,059 to 0,067 µg /kg with an optimal value of 0,1 mg/kg. It was found that the concentration of hemoglobin, the number of red blood cells, the concentration of total protein and albumins in blood of Romanov sheep over the period of lactation was below the reference values. The number of red blood cells also increased. On the 100th day, the number of red blood cells was higher by 7.78% compared to the 30th day and by 14.59% compared to the 10th day since the beginning of lactation. There was an increase in the concentration of total protein due to the albumin fraction. On the 100^th day, the total protein concentration was 15.29% higher compared to the 10th day and 9.46% higher compared to the 30th day since the beginning of lactation. On the 100th day from the start of lactation, the hemoglobin concentration was 19.07% higher compared to the 10th day from the start of lactation and 10.73% higher compared to the 30th day from the start of lactation. It was marked that those parameters had got higher to the low reference limit at the late period of lactation. This tendency could be the effect of metabolic imbalance and selenium deficiency in sheep diet.

In the colostrum period, in the formation of immunity in newborns, a significant role belongs to colostrum cells, namely, lymphocytes. The synthesis of colostrum by the mammary gland is an important component for the further growth and development of offspring. Lymphocytes, getting into the body of a newborn with colostrum, activate the system of cellular immunity. In newborns, leukocytes with Barr bodies are found in the blood and bone marrow and, therefore, are maternal leukocytes transferred to the newborn along with colostrum. Sex chromatin (or Barr's body) is found in the cells of females only. Given this fact, it was interesting for us to detect the presence of leukocytes with Barra bodies in the blood and red bone marrow of newborn male mice. The aim of our study was to identify the presence of leukocytes with sex chromatin in the blood and bone marrow of newborn mice. The blood and bone marrow of newborn male mice of the colostrum period were used for the study. Prepared blood and red bone marrow preparations were examined using immersion optics. The study of the leukogram showed that in 3-day-old male mice there is a change in the blood profile from neutrophilic to lymphocytic. The ratio of lymphocytes and segmented neutrophils was 62,44±1,73 % and 42,34±1,56 %, respectively. At the same time, sex chromatin was found in 4,13± 1,35 % lymphoid cells, while in the red bone marrow of newborn male mice, 13,26±1,84 % lymphocytes were cells of maternal origin (p<0,001). Lymphocytes with maternal sex chromosomes penetrate into the central organs of the immune system of the newborn male mouse. In the colostrum, the content of lymphoid cells in the secretion of the mammary gland increases. The transfer, with colostrum, of immunity from the mother to the newborn is not only passive, but also the foundation is laid for the normal functioning of the immune system in the future. Colostrum cells are the basis of colostral cellular immunity. As a result, the newborn establishes a stable and long-term immunity.

The development of drugs to correct post -stress reactions, manifested by profound changes in homeostasis, is relevant for both human and veterinary medicine. The purpose of our study is to study the possibility of using the Klim organomineral supplement for the correction of post-stress disorders in rats in model experiments.
Wistar rats, four-month-old males weighing 350-400 grams, were used as the object of the study. For the study, animals were divided into 3 groups, intact, control and experimental were used to simulate stress reactions when exposed to low temperatures. Animals of the experimental group 21 days before the model experiments were given a daily Klim supplement with food .
The use of the Klim organomineral supplement to leveling the negative effects on blood morphological parameters when modeling acute stress, which is confirmed by our studies in production. Thus, it is possible to recommend the prophylactic use of the studied additive Klim in predicting a stressful situation of any origin (regrouping, cold, transportation).

In recent years, there has been a tendency to reduce the age of the first insemination of replacement heifers of dairy breeds. However, calving at an early age is often accompanied by complications, which lead to stillborn offspring. In order to reduce the risk of a pathological calving, it is recommended to use stud bulls with an index value of “calving ease” of no more than 2.2 for insemination of heifers of dairy breeds, but there are no objective data on the effect of this index on birth defects. The purpose of our research was to study the calving ease and the stillbirth in offspring of first-calf heifers of three age groups, which were inseminated by bulls with an index of “calving ease” of 1.6 and 1.8-2.1. The difference in the number of difficult calving in favor of first-calf heifers, which were inseminated by stud bulls with an index of “calving ease” of 1.6, was 8.7%. The greatest difference between the experimental groups was at the first insemination at the age of 12-13 months – 29.2%. With an increase in the age of the first insemination, the difference between the experimental groups decreased and amounted to 11.3% at the age of 14-15 months. The minimum difference between the experimental groups was when animals were inseminated at the age of 16-18 months – 5.2%. From using stud bulls with an index of “calving ease” of 1.6, they obtained 9.7% of stillborn offspring, while with an index of “calving ease” of 1.8-2.1 – 17.7%. As for age subgroups, the difference in favor of the animals of the first experimental group, in comparison with the second experimental group, was 5.5%, 4.5% and 10.8%, respectively. The greatest number of difficult calving and stillborn offspring was registered with the first insemination of experimental animals at the age of 12-13 months. This correlation was typical for both the first and second experimental groups.

The effect of the glucocorticoidcontaining drug on the morphobiochemical composition of blood and reproductive function in cattle was studied. It was found that against the background of treatment in the postpartum period with corticosteroids, the concentration of eosinophils in the blood decreases by 87.5% (P <0.05), with a stable concentration of platelets. In animals without hormone therapy, an increase in the level of total protein was observed by 18.8% (P<0.01) with a decrease in the albuminglobulin coefficient by 26.4% (P<0.01), which was not observed when using corticosteroids. In the experimental group, the magnesium concentration decreased by 18.1% (P<0.05), with a stable level of phosphorus and calcium. The activity of transaminases against the background of the use of glucocorticoids had no significant changes, whereas in control animals an increase in the activity of AsAT was observed by 29.5% (P < 0.05). The level of total immunoglobulins in animals of the control group decreased by 77.4% (P≤0.001), whereas against the background of Cortexone use, the indicator was 3.9 times higher (P≤0.001). The small-sized CEC in the first group of cows decreased by 58.8%, which is 4.4 times lower (P<0.05) compared to the control group, where, on the contrary, the indicator increased 3.4 times (P<0.05). Similarly, in control cows, a decrease in the size of the CEC was observed, whereas against the background of the use of corticosteroids, on the contrary, their enlargement was observed by 83.8% (P≤0.001). The fertilization of animals after the first insemination against the background of the use of corticosteroids was 43.3% higher, with a lower (0.57) multiplicity of inseminations during fertilization and a shorter (19.2 days; P<0.05) period of infertility. Thus, the use of glucocorticoids in the postpartum period had a positive effect on metabolic processes and contributed to the optimization of reproductive function in cows.

In dairy cattle breeding, the breeding work is carried out mainly to increase the milk productivity of cows, which often leads to a decrease in the reproductive qualities of the breeding stock. Therefore, practicing breeders are faced with the task of studying and improving the qualities of animals associated with the reproduction of the herd. At the same time, in the conditions of a decrease in the number of livestock, the issue of preserving and improving the reproductive properties of animals is also put forward in the first position. For design breeding problems, it is necessary to have information about the genesis of reproduction. The conducted studies covering the period 2011-2020 reveal the dynamics of significant reproductive indicators – the age of the first fruitful insemination, the number of inseminations per fruitful one, as well as the open days in the first lactation of the breeding stock of the Swiss breed. In the process of its improvement, the age of the first fruitful insemination of animals decreased. The multiplicity of insemination and the associated open days in the first lactation do not have a stable nature of changes. To obtain more informative data on the level of organization of the biological system under study, the entropy – information analysis was used in the study. The age of the first fruitful insemination at the initial stages was poorly controlled, with an absolute organization (O) having values from 0.168 bits (H=3.292 bits) it was found however, during the selection process, the controllability of this system increases (O=0.873 bits; H=2.586 bits). The most controlled feature throughout all stages is the multiplicity of insemination (O = 0.401...1.147 bits; H=1.921 ...1.175 bits). The least controlled is the open days (O=0.136...0.604 bits; H=3.449...2.981 bits). The obtained results of the study contribute to the conduct of purposeful breeding of Brown Swiss cattle, taking into account the reproductive ability.

Currently, the improvement and modification of more effective programs for synchronizing sexual hunting in cows is one of the urgent issues in agricultural and veterinary science. This paper presents the results of a comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of the developed method of synchronization of sexual hunting in comparison with the Ovsynch-48 synchronization program in the conditions of a modern high-tech enterprise for the production of milk using robotic milking "Donskoe" in the Volgograd region. The article indicates a new scheme for synchronizing sexual hunting in cows using, in addition to GnRH and PGF preparations, as well as preparations containing vitamins A, E and selenium. It was found that the percentage of the first insemination with the developed method of synchronization of sexual hunting in highly productive cows is 17.5% higher compared to the Ovsynch-48 synchronization scheme.

The largest number of currently produced drugs for the treatment of mastitis in lactating cows contain antimicrobial components (antibiotics) as active substances. The studies were carried out on Red-Motley Holstein cows, in which subclinical mastitis was diagnosed. The animals selected for the experiment were divided into three groups. The first group included 8 animals, they were not treated and served as a negative control. In the second group, 10 cows were selected for treatment with Biferon-B for three days once a day at a dose of 10 ml. per animal. The animals of the third group were simultaneously administered interferon-λ and BiferonB intramuscularly, 10 ml each during those days. According to the results of clinical studies, it was found that no recovery was recorded in the animals in the negative control group. In the group of animals where Biferon-B was used, the efficacy of treatment was 60.0%, and with the combined use of Biferon-B and interferon-λ, the effect of treatment was 83.3%. In these animals, the number of somatic cells decreased by 14.3 times, the concentration of neutrophils – by 2.6 times, the amount of total Ig - by 67.5%, CIC - by 61.5%, against the background of an increase in the number of lymphocytes by 6.0 times, monocytes - by 2.1 times and lysozyme - by 45.3%, and the bacterial contamination of the udder secretion also decreased to 0.08 thousand CFU/ml, which was by 120 times less compared to the initial state. Only Escherichia coli has been isolated from the udder secretion in 20.0% of cases that confirms the clinical efficacy of the treatment.

Industrial pig farms involve intensive use of sows with high genetic potential to produce the highest possible number of viable piglets. Developing against the background of an imbalance of peroxide reactions and antioxidant protection, oxidative stress is the cause of postpartum diseases in sows, which lead to a decrease or cessation of milk secretion, high morbidity and death of newborn piglets. The aim of the work was to study different levels of metabolic status in pregnant sows in the norm and in the event of postpartum endometritis in them. The article presents the studies on the indicators of the antioxidant defense system, nitric oxide and endogenous intoxication in sows during gestation. The study included sows of 3-4 farrowings. The sows were included after farrowing, on the basis of a clinical examination, were divided into two groups: clinically healthy and with signs of postpartum endometritis. On day 38-40 of gestation, the state of physiological oxidative stress was established in sows of both groups. On days 78-81 of gestation, they noted a decrease in the accumulation of proteolysis products and activation of the enzymatic and nonenzymatic components of the antioxidant system. At the same time, in sows with endometritis, compared with healthy animals, an increased content of malondialdehyde, medium molecular weight peptides and medium-weight molecules, reduced activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, vitamins A, E, and C were revealed in all periods of the study. They also had a high level of stable nitrogen metabolites involved in the development of oxidative stress and in the mechanisms of antioxidant protection.

Currently, veterinary specialists use in clinical practice modern, minimally invasive and suitable methods for determining and detecting pathologies of bone mineralization, one of which is densitometry. Bone mineralization density was determined by radiography and subsequent analysis of radiographs using the HiScene program. The obtained results of digital processing of radiographic images in puppies of the control and experimental groups on radiographs of the pelvic bones showed the absence of destructive changes in bone and cartilage tissues. The shape and size of the pelvic bones are normal, the contours are clear, even, the bone architectonics is not changed, there were no signs of arthrosis of the hip joints. On x-rays of the hip joints, the nuclei of ossification of the heads (left and right) of the femurs were not visualized – the age norm, they were rounded, symmetrical, centered in the joints. Assessment of changes in bone mineral density was carried out by densitometry (determination of the density of materials by checking their resistance to the passage of X-rays) in puppies aged 6 to 9 months, subjected to ovariohysterectomy (OHEC) and without surgery. As a result of the research, the authors found that in animals, against the background of ovariohysterectomy (experimental group), there is a slow increase in the mineral density of the bone tissue of the pelvis and femur compared to the control group. According to the authors, it is associated with the maturation of puppies and with the intensive growth of the skeleton. The accumulation of the mineral component in animals subjected to OHEC is confirmed by the difference between the indices of the groups (≈9.3%). This fact allows us to conclude that OHEC has a negative effect on bone mineralization.

Sagittal fractures are the most common injury of the proximal phalanx in horses. Choosing the optimal treatment tactics allows you to eliminate the physiological consequences of injury. The aim of this work was to compare the effectiveness of traditional and surgical methods of treatment of horses with short incomplete sagittal fractures of the putus bone. Thus, the study included horses (n=20) with short incomplete sagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx, which were then divided into two groups. In the first group (n=10), treatment was based on the application of a plaster cast, changing every 14 days. Osteosynthesis by screw fixation was performed in the second experimental group (n=10). Clinical and radiological research methods were used in the work. Complete radiographic healing was confirmed in 100% of animals in the second group, where osteosynthesis was performed by screw fixation, they returned to full athletic load without complications. However, in the first group of horses to which a plaster cast was applied, only 72.7% of animals and 27.3% of horses completely recovered their athletic qualities due to the development of complications, in the form of osteoarthritis changes, were excluded from sports. The proposed method of treating fractures in horses of the second group using the screw fixation method increases the possibility of animals returning to their previous loads. The rehabilitation technique developed and implemented in the clinic expands the possibilities of use in practical veterinary medicine.

The objective of the presented study was to find out whether the leukocytes in the platelet clot affect the healing of a complicated wound. The study was conducted on Wistar rats. Before the wound was inflicted, the animals were immersed in sevoflurane anesthesia. Wounds were inflicted in the interscapular area with a scalpel preheated in the flame of a gas burner to about 300.00 C. Three days after the wound was inflicted, in order to reduce the amount of cellular detritus, enzymatic necroectomy was performed first by 60-minute applications of trypsin solution (10.0 mg /ml), and then surgical necroectomy. The animals were divided into 4 groups: control group No. 1 (wounds were not sutured), control group No. 2 (wounds were sutured, but without the introduction of a fibrin clot), experimental group No. 1 (wounds were sutured after placing a platelet clot in them), experimental group No. 2 (wounds were sutured after placing a platelet clot in themleukocyte clot). According to the results of the study, it was shown that in both experimental groups, the healing of the wound defect occurred faster than in the control. However, when comparing the healing effects of pure platelet and plateletleukocyte clots, the result was ambiguous. A platelet-leukocyte clot, in comparison with a purely platelet clot, somewhat slowed down wound healing by inducing early rejection of sutures and slowing down scar remodeling. According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that the leukocytes in the clot can actually clear the wound. But in the case of application of such a clot to a wound, the surface of which was previously subjected to intensive necroectomy, its leukocyte component can direct its pro-inflammatory effect not on pathogenic microflora and necrotic detritus, but on healthy tissues. Thereby inducing hyperergic inflammation and slowing healing. The obtained result suggests that the study should be expanded, using wounds of varying degrees of infection and with varying degrees of necrosis in the wound canal area as models.

Entropion, or inversion of the edge of the eyelid, is a frequent multifactorial disease in which the ciliated edge of the eyelid is wrapped inside, which leads to permanent corneal trauma and eye irritation. Currently, subcutaneous fillers based on hyaluronic acid are used to correct entropion due to the fact that it does not have organ- and speciesspecificity and, therefore, carries a minimal risk of allergic reactions. The advantage of subcutaneous fillers based on HA is that the injection can be reversed with the development of complications with the help of drugs based on hyaluronidase. The assessment was carried out by the amount of periocular moistening, alopecia and/or hyperemia of the eyelids with manual rotation of the eyelids outward during the examination. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmological examination with a slit lamp and indirect ophthalmoscopy, a Schirmer test and intraocular pressure. The injection methods used included linear threading, a series of single-point injections, or a combination of them. The criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the use of hyaluronic acid as a means for correcting entropion in animals were local reactions to skin filler, inflammatory processes in the eye area associated with a relapse of entropion, as well as the duration of the period before repeated administration of the drug. The technique of subcutaneous injection of the GC filler is a simple, reliable, effective, safe, prolonged procedure that requires a minimum amount of time, which allows you to immediately alleviate the patient's condition from mild to moderate severity as a result of entropion in cats and dogs. This procedure is especially preferable for age-related patients and patients with high anesthetic risk.

The article evaluates the dynamics of toxemia and detoxification capabilities of various wound dressings in thermal burn injury in rats in the experiment. A wound dressing based on collagen and chitosan Collachit® and a membrane wound dressing containing a hyperosmolar solution in the cavity were compared. Studies of the dynamics of toxemia in burn disease after experimental thermal injury were carried out on Wistar rats (n=20). Analysis of the results of the study was carried out on the basis of clinical, morphological and biochemical parameters of the peripheral blood of rats with experimental burn injury. The study of the morphology of blood cells is carried out according to generally accepted methods. Biochemical manifestations of endotoxemia are established by the dynamics of ALT, AST, urea, creatinine. In the 1st group of rats (n=10), the Collachit® wound dressing was applied. In the 2nd group (n=10), a semi -permeable membrane filled with a hyperosmolar solution, constituting a necrolytic enzyme, was fixed on the surface of the burn. As a result, it was found that burn toxemia in rats proceeded in 2 phases and was accompanied by depression, food refusal, leukocytosis, increased LII, liver transferases, creatinine and urea. Hematological deviations were characterized by non-uniform dynamics, corresponding to the phase of burn toxemia with maximum increases on days 1-2 and 5-7, a fall on days 3-4, and days 8-10. Hematological manifestations of toxemia depended on the method of treatment and were less pronounced with the use of membrane wound dressings than with collachitis. External signs of toxemia do not in all cases correspond to the hematological and biochemical profile of toxemia, which indicates the possibility of a latent course of burn disease with some methods of treatment. The applied wound dressings had a pronounced antiseptic efficacy, characterized by the absence of purulent-inflammatory complications over the entire period of the experiment.

The article discusses the issues of changes in the state of the musculoskeletal system, in particular the skeletal system, in ewes and lambs with thyroid pathologies with iodine deficiency, kept in the conditions of peasant farms in the Beisky district of the Republic of Khakassia. The results are obtained from 20 ewes and their lambs with severe thyroid hyperplasia, for the period from 2020 to 2021. In the study of sheep using clinical, biochemical and radiological methods of research, they turned to the clinical status of animals with details on the musculoskeletal system: the state of muscles, joints, bones. As a result of the research, it was found that system-wide deviations in the body of sheep with endemic goiter and hypothyroidism are caused by the complex effect of iodine deficiency, against the background of an increased content of fluorine, cobalt, calcium in animal feed and water, which is due to being in an ecologically unfavorable zone. Endemic goiter and hypothyroidism occurs in adult sheep in a latent form and is clinically expressed in their offspring. Clinical signs of hypothyroidism in lambs are expressed by the development of myxedema, the development of myopathies and osteoarthropathy, caused by disturbances in oxidative processes and thermogenesis in the body. X-ray signs of thyroid osteoarthropathies are expressed by a slowdown in osteogenesis, especially epiphyseal growth zones of the type of punctate dysplasia, more pronounced on the pelvic limbs, the presence of moderate osteoporosis with an elevated level of calcium in the blood. The established biochemical abnormalities in blood parameters are characterized by an increase in the level of liver enzymes: ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase and are directly proportional to the severity of clinical signs and the degree of thyroid hyperplasia.