The aim of the work is to experimentally find out in comparison the effect of two vaccines against circovirus infection Porcilis PCV and Circovac on the safety and weight gain of pigs in the rearing and fattening groups in the pig holding. The object of the study were 6687 pigs: 3393 heads vaccinated according to the instructions with the Circovac vaccine at a dose of 0.5 ml (group 1), and 3294 heads vaccinated according to the instructions with the Porcilis PCV vaccine at a dosage of 2.0 ml (group 2). In both groups, vaccination was carried out on the day of weaning on the 27-28 day of life intramuscularly in the neck area. When weaning, when transferring to fattening and before slaughter, the animals were weighed. According to the results of weighing, the average weight of animals was determined at 28 days, at 75 days and the weight at sale, as well as the average daily gain during rearing and fattening. Autopsy was performed on 209 fallen piglets from group 1 and 202 fallen piglets from group 2. During the pathoanatomic examination, a complex of pathoanatomic changes characteristic of circovirus was not found in any piglet. After vaccination of pigs in two groups with vaccines during the periods of rearing and fattening, there were no cases of cirrhosis among the livestock of both groups. The difference in indicators of case, technological marriage, average weight at weaning, average weight at transfer to fattening, average daily weight gain and weight at realization in the studied groups is minimal, not significant. Circovac vaccine in a dose of 0.5 ml proved to be no worse than the Porcilis PCV vaccine in a dosage of 2.0 ml.

Reindeer are a unique animal species that have adapted to the harsh Arctic conditions. Adaptive features of the structure of the gastrointestinal tract of reindeer allows you to eat actively digest and assimilate lichens, foliage, shrubs, snowy greens. Along with beneficial microflora, pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms live in the reindeer rumen. The purpose of our research is to study and compare the features of the rumen microbiome in healthy and sick reindeer with necrobacteriosis. The subject of the study was samples of cicatricial contents taken from 38 reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) of the Nenets breed of different age groups. Microbiome studies were performed by NGS sequencing on the MiSeq next generation sequencing platform (Illumina, USA) using primers for the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA.
Based on the studies, it was possible to establish that the microbiome of the reindeer rumen in summer and winter is characterized by certain differences. During the summer grazing period, the presence of a greater number of pathogenic bacteria such as Fusobacterium sp., Parvimonas sp. and Porphyromonas endodontalis, while in the spectrum of pathogenic microorganisms, bacteria of the genus Fusobacterium, which are considered the main infectious agent in necrobacteriosis, were most often isolated. In the same period, the presence of bacteria of the genus Sharpea, belonging to the phylum Erysipelotrichaceae, which ferment sugars with the formation of lactic acid and can cause the development of lactic acidosis, was established in deer rumen samples. In calves, during the disease, the number of chytridiomycete fungi, which are involved in the fermentation of polysaccharides, decreases.

The system of cell–cell communication of bacteria is necessary for bacteria to coordinate interactions between themselves and with higher organisms. It regulates a number of properties of microorganisms, including pathogenicity and resistance to antibiotics. Therefore, the study of methods of influencing this system seems to be critically important. A special place in this context is occupied by plants and their metabolites (phytochemicals), which have the ability to inhibit the system of cell–cell communication in bacterial communities. Studies using bovine ruminal fluid can lead to an understanding of how this process is regulated in the rumen. The aim of the work was to evaluate the possible effect of phytochemicals (trans-cinnamaldehyde, quercetin, coumarin, vanillin) on the signal molecules of the "Quorum sensing" system of bacteria (for example, the recombinant luminescent biosensor Escherichia coli pAL103) in the presence of ruminal fluid of cattle. It was found that the scar fluid at a concentration of 12,5 % did not affect the level of biosensor luminescence. For all studied phytochemicals, the ability to inhibit the process of cell–cell communication (by binding signal molecules) was recorded, which was expressed in a significant decrease in the bioluminescence of the E. coli pAL103 test strain. At the same time, the most pronounced change in the level of biosensor luminescence was detected under the combined action of rumen fluid with trans-cinnamaldehyde, and the smallest change was detected under the influence of ruminal fluid with coumarin, vanillin, or quercetin. The results obtained expand the understanding of the action of phytochemicals, which can be in demand when compiling the diet of cattle and will allow controlling the activity of pathogenic bacteria in animals by suppressing the system of cell–cell communication.

Metaprophylaxis is aimed at preventing the recurrence of outbreaks and the isolation of the causative agent of an infectious disease. Salmonellosis continues to be a serious threat to the poultry industry and the end consumer of the industry's products. The incidence rates of salmonellosis in the world population from year to year remain consistently high, despite all the efforts made by the medical community. First of all, this phenomenon should be associated with a high level of contamination of food products, especially those obtained in the poultry industry. This causes the stationarity of the infection and the recurrence of epizootic foci. The existing data on epizootic and epidemiological control of poultry and processing enterprises probably do not fully reflect the objective picture of salmonellosis. The solution to the problem could be the introduction of national state programs for the control, prevention and fight against salmonellosis. The prospects of this direction are emphasized by a number of researchers who are constantly looking for more effective means and ways to combat the indicated pathology.
The results of studies carried out on the basis of the FSC VIEV as part of monitoring demonstrate an expansion of the spectrum of non-traditional Salmonella serovariants circulating in poultry farms of the Russian Federation. In view of this, the relevance of the search and implementation of new methods of combating salmonellosis is increasing. The presented review covers the history and taxonomy of bacteria of the genus Salmonella, the pathogenicity factors of the pathogen that cause the widespread infection, transmission, etiopathogenesis of salmonellosis, mechanisms of resistance to antibacterial drugs and other features, as well as measures for metaprophylaxis of salmonella infection, incl. using biodisinfectants based on bacteriophages.

With the spread of clostridiosis, epidemiological and epizootic safety is violated, the degree of which depends on the immunological status of the animal, therapeutic and preventive measures in the livestock complex, the toxigenicity of the bacterium and the severity of the disease. The Clostridium perfringens bacterium is ubiquitous, produces 20 different toxins and pathogenicity factors, one of which is alpha-toxin, which is found in meat and other biological samples, which threatens the biosafety of livestock enterprises, markets, shops, etc. The article is devoted to the development and testing of test- systems for real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the DNA of the gene encoding the alpha-toxin of the Clostridium perfringens CP322 strain, which is widespread in the Russian Federation. The synthesis of oligonucleotides proposed by a team of scientists from Korea Chon J.W., Park J.S., Hyeon J.Y., Park C., Song K.Y., Hong K.W., Hwang I.G., Kwak H.S., Seo K.H. in 2012 served as the basis for the creation and testing of the test system [1].
Optimization of the diagnostic technique, selection of the correct concentrations of reagents and DNA in samples from cattle, synthesis of highly specific primers and modernization of the probe molecule formed the basis for the development of a test system, which was tested on 319 samples - biomaterial obtained from cattle. The proposed method of molecular genetic diagnostics will allow veterinarians to timely identify the causative agent of enterotoxemia in the test samples, make a comprehensive diagnosis based on epizootic, clinical, pathoanatomical and laboratory data, prescribe effective treatment and develop an action plan to prevent the development and spread of infection.

Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar infantis, is an important aetiological agent of salmonellosis, isolated from poultry products. Salmonella strains, resistant to a number of antimicrobials, are becoming quite common and that is an emerging problem in prophylaxis and treatment of the disease. In the present study we deal with 15 strains of S. infantis, isolated from chicks with salmonellosis, and their susceptibility to antibacterial drugs of different groups: fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, nitrofurans, tetracyclines, sulfadimidine/trimethoprim and chloramphenicol. The antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated by disc diffussion assay. The results were identified as follows: susceptible strain, intermediate susceptibility, resistant strain. In the process of evaluating the susceptibility of S. infantis to different antimicrobials we obtained ambiguous results. Our data show that the isolates we studied (93-100% of all the strains) were highly sensitive to aminoglycosides namely kanamycin, tobramycin, netillin and amikacin. But only 40% of the isolates were sensitive to neomycin and 79% - to gentamicin. As many as 93% of the isolates proved resistant to streptomycin. As for fluoroquinolones 87-93% of the studied isolates were sensitive to enrofloxacin and levofloxacin; 67-73% of them were sensitive to ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. As many as 86% of the studied isolates of S. infantis were resistant to norfloxacin and moxifloxacin. As many as 79% of the isolates were resistant to cotrimoxazole and 53% of the isolates – to chloramphenicol. All of the studied strains of Salmonella proved to be resistant to tetracycline, doxycycline, furazolidone, nitrofurantoin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime.

Аnalysis of antibiograms and interpretation of the results, laboratory monitoring of the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk in infectious mastitis of cows is necessary for successful pharmacotherapy of animals.
The aim of the study was to study the antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria isolated from milk in infectious mastitis of cows.
In the period from 2021 to 2022, 100 strains of microorganisms were isolated from milk in infectious mastitis of cows. The strains were identified as gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus - 16%.
When interpreting the antibiogram, it was found that strains of Staphylococcus aureus are sensitive to cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, lincosamides, tetracyclines in 100% of isolation cases, and to benzylpenicillins - 81%. and also resistant.

Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR-PT) was used to examine 263 environmental samples from animal and poultry facilities, as well as faeces, to determine the genetic determinants of resistance to five classes of antimicrobials such as tetracyclines (tetA, tetO, tetM) fluoroquinolones (qnrS, qnrB) cephalosporins, penicillins (CTX-M-1, CTX-M-9, CMY), polymyxins (mcr-1). 95% of samples tested for AMR showed the presence of resistance genes associated with resistance to at least two classes of these broad-spectrum antibiotics. The level of detection of resistance markers to tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones was the highest. The detection of genetic markers of resistance to most antimicrobials has the following ascending order: sheep → horse → goat → cattle → pig → poultry. Our studies correlate with a trend towards more antimicrobial use in pigs and poultry than in cattle.
In samples from environmental objects, the identification of genetic determinants of resistance was comparable to the detection in samples from animals only in poultry houses. In faecal samples, resistance genes were detected two to three times more often than in environmental samples.
The study showed which resistance markers are common in the fecal microbiome and environmental samples, and the relative amount and frequency of detection of these markers can serve as a risk assessment parameter for the further spread of antibiotic resistance.

The goal of the research was to study the morphological and histological properties of the internal organs and the hemolymph content of tarantula Pterinochilus murinus RCF (Araneae: Theraphosidae). For histological examination, 5 tarantulas of the Pterinochilus murinus RCF species, at the age of L6 (the sixth molt), were used. Morphological studies of tissues, organs, and hemocyte populations were carried out using light microscopy. Macroscopic photos of the heart, liver, lymphoid organs were presented with a description of their shape, structure and topography. The biomaterial was processed in accordance with the method of preparation of histological preparations, which included fixation, washing, dehydration, xylene and paraffin embeddings, preparation of histological sections, deparaffinization and staining with hematoxylin and eosin. Tissues and individual morphological cellular structures of the heart, liver, and lymphoid organs of tarantulas have been described. Also, smears of the spider hemolymph were made, which were fixed on a glass slide and stained by the Romanovsky-Giemsa method. The hemolymph of invertebrates is able to perform all the organism functions. During the study, several types of hemocytes were identified, which were classified primarily depending on morphological characteristics (cell size, shape, presence or absence of intracellular inclusions and their characteristics), the ability to be stained and the staining intensity of various morphological cell structures. The terminology of the described histological structures was given in accordance with the International Histological Nomenclature. Information about morphology of the organs, histological structure of the tissues and cells of tarantulas has been obtained expanding the knowledge of the Pterinochilus murinus RCF species.

Ixodic ticks of the genus Dermacentor are parasitomorphic ticks that are carriers of a number of dangerous zooanthropozonoses, have a wide distribution. The intestine of an adult contains several types of cells: digesting, secretory, reserve and yolk cells. Digestive cells of types 1 and 2 are involved in the process of intracellular digestion and are the main components of the wall of the middle intestine. After insemination, yolk cells begin to form in the intestine, regulating the development of oocytes. The research was carried out on the basis of the Department of Parasitology and Veterinary and Sanitary Examination, Anatomy and Pathanatomy named after Prof. S. N. Nikolsky and at the Scientific Diagnostic and Therapeutic Veterinary Center of the Stavropol State Agrarian University, as well as on the basis of veterinary clinics of IP Zaichenko "Veterinary Center named after Pirogova". The object of the study was ixode mites, the material for the study was the digestive system of females, in particular the middle part of the intestine. Macroscopic examination of the nourished females of the Dermacentor tick helped to reveal that the intestine is an unpaired tubular organ divided into three sections: the esophagus, the sac-like meatus and the small intestine. With the arrival of blood, the intestine expands, as a result of which reserve cells begin to grow and differentiate into primary digestive ones. By the time egg laying begins, digestive cells of type I degenerate and are replaced by digestive cells of type II, differentiated from reserve cells. In nourished females, with an active process of vitellogenesis, the presence of specialized yolk cells is noted. Thus, with the beginning of the feeding period in ixodic mites, an increase in the intestine occurs due to the asynchronous development of digestive cells of type I and II. During digestion, secretory cells are focally exfoliated into the intestinal cavity filled with the host's blood, which characterizes the acceleration of the process of erythrocyte hemolysis. In the final phase of digestion, and the beginning of the vitellogenesis process, yolk cells are formed that regulate the development of oocytes.

Injuries to the skin of the mammary gland are one of the leading causes of mastitis in lactating cats. Given the progressive nature of the problem of mastitis in cats, the important role of mammary skin injuries in their occurrence and the limited range of drugs for their treatment, we conducted studies aimed at studying bacterial contamination of the mammary gland skin in lactating cats and the effectiveness of its correction with pharmacological agents with different mechanisms of action. . In the conditions of a shelter for homeless animals located in the Voronezh region, studies were conducted to study the effectiveness of several pharmacological agents for the treatment of mammary gland injuries in lactating cats.
A comparative analysis of the pharmacological action of Bepanthen plus ointment, 1% dioxidine solution and its combination with PEG-400 showed that these agents have a pronounced sanitizing effect on the skin surface. However, with extensive and deep damage, skin treatment with agents that do not have or with mild transdermal properties does not significantly affect the degree of contamination of the deep layers of the mammary gland parenchyma and the number of bacteria in milk. Strengthening the penetrating ability of dioxidine, in particular with the help of PEG-400, increased the efficiency of milk sanitation, and hence the mammary gland parenchyma, by 48%. The results of the studies have shown that, depending on the degree of damage to the skin of the breast, there is a corresponding risk of progression of wound infection, contamination of breast tissues and the development of mastitis.

To compensate for the lack of minerals in the feed, livestock breeders additionally use various sources of macro- and microelements, including copper-containing components. The aim of our research work was the use of an in vitro method for determining the toxicity of feed additives using the test object Tetrahymena pyriformis. Biotesting was carried out at the Research Institute PVMiB UO VGAVM guided by GOST 13496.7-97, GOST 31674-2012 and "Methodological recommendations for the accelerated determination of the toxicity and safety of feed and feed additives using the test object Tetrahymena pyriformis". Before starting the assessment of general toxicity, we conducted a study of the basic feed premix for broiler chickens. Each sample was studied 3 times.
After receiving the results, various coppercontaining additives were added to the compound feed at the rate of 2.0%. Then we repeated a threefold toxicological examination. To obtain objective empirical data, each test sample of copper-containing additives (name and manufacturer) was encrypted by us.We have conducted studies on the simplest five feed additives at the rate of 2.0%. Based on in vitro laboratory tests, it was found that the death of protozoa, as well as a change in the shape and nature of the movement of Tetrahymena pyriformis, in the five samples presented, were at the level of 46.2-30.5%, which indicates an average degree of toxicity of copper-containing additives. Copper-containing feed additives can be used for further research work, in particular, in diets for laboratory and farm animals, taking into account their strict rationing in the diet.

The aim of the work was to determine the parameters of the gas composition and acidbase state (CBS) of blood to assess the adequacy of general anesthesia of horses with halogen-containing anesthetics in clinical and instrumental studies. The object of the study was 18 horses aged four to six years, which were castrated. The paper compared the dynamics of blood gas composition indicators at various stages of inhalation anesthesia with fluorotane, isoflurane and sevoflurane in order to prevent and timely detect hypoxemia and hypercapnia in horses. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the clinical examination data, laboratory studies of the gas composition of arterial blood, objectively determine the severity of hypoxemia and hypercapnia, which made it possible to provide the necessary assistance to the animal in a timely manner. The study of blood gas composition indicators has established that the amount of carbon dioxide tension in arterial blood (РaСO₂) with both types of anesthesia is subject to the greatest changes during induction and during awakening. During the induction period, it increased both with the inhalation of fluorotane and with the use of isoflurane and sevoflurane, respectively, by 41%, 3.1% and 3.4% compared to the initial values. During the period of awakening, the value of РaСO₂ returned to the initial level with anesthesia with isoflurane, with anesthesia with sevoflurane and fluorotane remained above the initial values by 21.8% and 42.8%, respectively. Early detection of signs of hypoxemia and hypercapnia made it possible to avoid the development of further complications during general anesthesia in horses

Hepatopathy (toxic hepatitis and hepatosis) are widespread among sows kept in industrial complexes. To carry out therapeutic and preventive measures for these diseases, a complex drug with a hepatoprotective effect is in demand. In its industrial production, quality control is necessary with an assessment of the presence and quantity of active components. To control of the quality of the Karnivit drug, organoleptic (appearance and color), chromatographic (high performance liquid chromatography - HPLC) (authenticity and mass concentration of vitamin E and carnitine), qualitative chemical (authenticity of zinc and sodium citrate) were used), titrimetric (mass concentration of zinc), spectrophotometric (mass fraction of sodium citrate) methods. The gravimetric (weight) method was used to assess the moisture content of the preparation. The assessment of the compliance of the obtained values with the regulatory requirements was carried out after the introduction of exactly known amounts of one or another active substance into the preparation (for three series at different shelf life). It was found that the values of quantitative indicators in all cases were within the normative values, qualitative indicators (appearance, color, authenticity) also met the requirements of the norm established by the developer of the drug. These requirements were met by both the calculated average values of the indicators of various series and individual (point) values for each series. Determination of the physicochemical properties of the three series of the drug showed their compliance with the established regulatory requirements at different periods of storage. The developed methods of control are suitable for assessing the compliance of manufactured batches (series) of the drug with the requirements of technical specifications for production.

It is impossible to find out the true state of the tissue organization without conducting morphological studies. In this regard, histological analysis very objectively demonstrates the structure of cellular compositions, which is especially in demand when making a reliable diagnosis and monitoring therapeutic and preventive effectiveness. T-2 toxin, as a biogenic poison, poses a potentially permanent threat to human and animal health. It is also important that modern highly productive breeds of farm animals and bird crosses have an increased sensitivity to mycotoxins. In order to prevent mycotoxicosis, a selection of diets containing sorbents and adaptogens is promising in terms of economic and therapeutic effectiveness. The purpose of the experiment was to evaluate the preventive effectiveness of «Zeapitox» from a morphological point of view when rats were poisoned with T-2 toxin at the tissue level of a number of organs. The experiment involved 30 nonlinear rats, males weighing in the range of 190-210 grams. The first group served as biological control; individuals of the second group were given T-2 toxin at a dose of 1/10 of LD50; animals of the third group, in addition to T-2 toxin at a dose of 1/10 of LD50, were additionally fed at a dose of 0,5 % of the diet with the feed «Zeapitox». Under the influence of T-2 toxin on the histostructure of rat organ tissues, the following changes were registered: hyperemia, swelling, increased blood filling of blood vessels, as well as destructive processes of the central lobules of hepatocytes, intestinal epithelium and blood cells. The protective effect of the complex preventiveagent «Zeapitox» is manifested by normal blood filling in the spleen (red and white pulp), native beam structure of lobules and good visualization without pathological phenomena of hepatocytes, absence of edematous processes in the mucous membranes of intestinal.

To date, the assessment of the functional state of the hepatobiliary system by analyzing changes in the clearance of exogenous caffeine is one of the most promising hepatic stress tests. The purpose of the study was to establish the pharmacokinetic change in the levels of exogenous caffeine in the blood plasma of laboratory animals in order to further induce various liver pathologies and subsequently assess the change in its clearance.
For the study, non-linear laboratory rats were used (18 males, 18 females, average live weight 180 g ± 4%, age 3 months), Of the experimental animals, 3 groups were formed (6 females and 6 males each), each of which was injected subcutaneously with a 20% solution of caffeine sodium benzoate (Mosagrogen LLC, Russia) in increments of 50 mg/kg (50, 100, 150) in terms of pure caffeine.
When using dosages of 100 and 150 mg/ kg, we noted a non-linear biotransformation of the test substance, namely, peak concentrations 4 hours after administration, which is also a standard pharmacokinetic indicator for dosages passing along the upper limit of the therapeutic latitude of the drug and is due to the fact that that at such dosages, the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system does not differ in reactivity compared to the absorption time of the substance.
As a result of the experiment, we established the initial and peak levels of caffeine for further study of its changes during the artificial induction of hepatopathy of various origins in a specific experimental group of laboratory animals. We also noted the absence of dependence on the sex of the listed levels, and such results are consistent with the data obtained by other researchers.

In 2021, in the vivarium of the FNC "VNITIP" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, on 4 groups of broiler chickens of the cross breeding of the SGC "Smena 8", an experiment was conducted with the use of a mineral additive in the form of Lasparaginates in feed, both in combination with phytase and without it. Group I chickens received complete mixed feeds with the addition of inorganic forms of microelements in the form of premixes in accordance with the guarantee standards. Group II chickens received a total diet without the inclusion of microelements of the premix, but with the addition of the phytase enzyme in the amount of 1 million units. per ton. The birds of the third experimental group received feed with the addition of a mineral premix (OMEK-broiler) in the form of Lasparaginates, with a content of 7.5% of microelements from the accepted norms. Group IV chickens consumed complete mixed feed with the inclusion of L-asparaginates, with a content of 7.5% of microelements from the accepted norms, with the addition of phytase in the amount of 1 million units / t. Based on the data obtained, it was found that the introduction of L-asparaginates into the diets in an amount of 7.5% of the guaranteed norms provided better assimilation of metals, contributing to a more complete assimilation of feed nutrients. The addition of phytase to Lasparaginates enhanced this process, which could indirectly affect the improvement of broilers' productive indicators, as well as the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the microbial community of their intestines. Thus, the number of actinomycetes and enterobacteria in all experimental groups showed low indicators, which indicated not only good feed quality and its high conversion, but also increased activity of biochemical processes.

In the literature data, information about the nutritional value of meat of different quality categories is mainly represented by its assessment in the presence of PSE and DFD defects either in pork or beef. There are practically no studies on the nutritional value of meat with the quality category RSE, RFN, PFN. Therefore, the assessment of the nutritional value of meat, depending on the quality categories, is of both scientific and practical interest.
The purpose of the research was to study the dependence of the nutritional value of meat on the quality category.
The research was carried out in the conditions of the educational and research center for the examination of food and animal feed of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine in the period 2020-2022.
The materials for the study were 107 samples of meat of various quality categories obtained from different types of slaughter animals.
The nutritional value of meat samples was determined according to GOST 34567-2019 "Meat and meat products. Method for determination of moisture, fat, protein, sodium chloride and ash using near-infrared spectroscopy (with Correction)" using infrared analyzer "InfraLUM FT-12". Processing of the received data was carried out using the software "Spectrum/Pro".
As a result of determining the nutritional value of meat of different quality categories, it was found that the content of protein, fat and moisture depended on the category. It should be noted that information about the nutritional value of meat of various quality categories should be taken into account when conducting input control and processing meat raw materials at processing enterprises.

The BMP2 gene of reindeer was study by Sanger sequencing. The BMP2 gene is involved in the formation of bone tissue and skeletal muscle in mammals. The BMP2 gene is associated with an increase in height, size, and body weight in productive animals. For the first time, the nucleotide
sequence of the coding and regulatory regions of the BMP2 gene was determined in populations of wild and domestic reindeer.
As a result, a segment of the reindeer BMP2 candidate gene was sequence, including the first untranslated and second exons. Loci with low (exon1) and high (exon2) degree of polymorphism identified.
Single nucleotide mismatches with the reference genome (white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus texanus) genome) identified, which can be used for phylogenetic analysis of the evolution of orthologue genes, as well as for genetic identification of species. Twelve polymorphic loci of two types were identified: in/del and SNP. The most significant substitutions were also determined in accordance with the change in the amino acid composition of the protein and the chemical properties of the replaced amino acids. Calculations were made of the occurrence of genotypes and alleles according to the identified variants of genetic polymorphism in the analyzed populations of reindeer (Nenets and Evenk breeds, wild reindeer).
The object of research was wild and domestic reindeer on the farms of the Taimyr Peninsula and Evenkia. The material for the study was DNA isolated by the classical phenol method from the blood of domestic reindeer of two breeds - Nenets (n=20) and Evenki (n=20), as well as from tissue samples of wild reindeer (n=20).
The aim of the study was to search for and select potential variants of genetic polymorphism in the BMP2 gene as molecular genetic markers that can be recommend for use in the practice of reindeer breeding to increase meat productivity.
For the first time, the nucleotide sequence of significant regions of the reindeer BMP2 gene was determined. The polymorphic loci in the BMP2 gene identified as a result of the studies had differences in the frequency of occurrence of alleles of mutant and wild types in the studied samples of domestic reindeer of the Nenets and Evenk breeds, as well as in the sample of wild reindeer. Differences in occurrence indicate the effect of selection factors on the region of the BMP2 gene. The revealed genetic variability of the studied region in reindeer breeds contrasting in productivity is a preliminary confirmation of the influence of genetic polymorphism in the BMP2 gene on the variability of phenotypes in terms of height and weight indicators. Indicators of growth and live weight are key to the formation of the meat productivity of reindeer.
The results of studies of the effect of BMP2 gene polymorphism on growth and weight parameters in other animal species suggest that some of the identified variants of genetic polymorphism in the studied region of the BMP2 gene may turn out to be casual mutations that can affect the formation of quantitative traits in domestic reindeer.

The southern water area of Lake Ladoga, which includes three lips (Shlisselburgskaya, Volkhovskaya and Svirskaya) is a place of spawning, feeding and fishing of various species of fish. The hydrological features of the lips – shallow water and the presence of extensive littoral zones, makes them particularly susceptible to pollutants coming in various ways – aerogenic, with surface runoff and wastewater. The results of the fish study showed that they are massively affected by toxicosis, their natural reproduction is disrupted, which affects the state of their populations and the structure of the fish population as a whole. Fish are integral bioindicators of water quality, their condition allows us to assess the level of pollution of individual water areas. It has shown that the level of pollution of the southern water area of the lake has not changed in recent decades, which is due to the presence of pollution sources and the entry of pollutants by aerogenic means and surface runoff. Some improvement in the ecological state and increase in the fishery potential of the southern water area is associated with environmental protection measures, factory reproduction of fish and reclamation of spawning grounds.

A significant part of the water area of the bay is represented by a shallow littoral, which is characterized by the highest biodiversity and bioproductivity. Approximately 90% of benthic organisms known for Lake Ladoga are inhabitants of the littoral zone. The littoral and water areas gravitating towards it are a spawning and feeding place for all fish species living in the lake. The Svir Bay of Lake Ladoga is located in the southeastern part of the lake water area. Its area is 260 km2. The present study in the water area of the Svirskaya Bay with an assessment of the state of the ichthyofauna was carried out in the summer of 2022, and the previous one - in the eighties of the last century The article presents the materials of biological and chemical-analytical studies in the Svir bay of Lake Ladoga, which is of great fishery importance. The ecological and ichthyotoxicological state of the studied water area and the most important importance of the ichthyofauna in assessing the state of its individual sites are shown. Thus, the shallow littoral zone turned out to be more polluted compared to the more remote from the coast and more deepened southern part of the lake. A higher level of pollution of the littoral, which occupies a significant part of its water area, negatively affected the ichthyofauna of the reservoir and its reproduction, which led to an impact on fish stocks, especially valuable species, and the structure of the ichthyocenosis of the lake as a whole. The results of the research also showed that the condition of the lip as a whole has improved somewhat compared to the eighties of the last century, when the last ichthyotoxicological studies were conducted in this water area. Taking into account the state of the ichthyofauna and other indicators of the study, the pollution level of the Svir Bay of Lake Ladoga can be characterized as weakly expressed sublethal.

Providing the market with safe meat food is the most important strategic task of the state. The Leningrad region is duly taking the lead in increasing the production of pork and beef relative to other regions. A significant role in ensuring the quality and safety of meat is played by the state veterinary service, whose representatives carry out pre-slaughter inspection of animals and postslaughter veterinary and sanitary examination of slaughter products.
The object of the study were slaughter animals - and 1434 heads of cattle and 8629 heads of pigs, supplied for processing at Agrotorg-47 LLC (Leningrad region), as well as slaughter products obtained from them. Acceptance and processing of slaughter animals at the enterprise, as well as postslaughter veterinary and sanitary examination was carried out in accordance with the Veterinary Rules for the appointment and conduct of veterinary and sanitary examination of meat and products of slaughter (fishing) of animals intended for processing and (or) sale (2022).
During the post-mortem examination of the products of slaughter of cattle and pigs, veterinarians of Agrotorg-47 LLC periodically reveal pathoanatomical changes that are the basis for the rejection of raw materials. In the lungs in a large number of carcasses, hemaspirations are found (16%), less often feed aspiration (2%). When slaughtering young animals, in rare cases, umbilical hernias (8%) and cryptorchidism were established, especially in boars (13%). During the post-mortem examination of cows, pathologies of the non-infectious nature of the reproductive system and udder were mainly recorded: endometritis (27%), mastitis (31%), cysts and ovarian atrophy (26%), which were the basis for culling animals and sending them for slaughter.
Thanks to the complex of measures required, prescribed by the Veterinary Rules, during the slaughter of animals, the fact of circulation on the market of food products that pose a danger to the health of consumers and the well-being of the territory in veterinary and sanitary terms is excluded.

Helicobacters different from Helicobacter pylori, colonizing various animals, are also capable of causing gastritis, stomach ulcers and MALT – lymphomas in humans. Helicobacter suis is most often isolated among similar bacteria from the mucous membrane of the human stomach. In spite of its name this microorganism can also infect cats and dogs. At the same time the spread of Helicobacter suis among the pig population in different countries varies between 10.8-90.0% but in most studies it is in average 60%. It is obvious that such extensive spread of Helicobacter suis and close contacts with infected animals can contribute to occupational infections of human beings. In addition, the consumption of infected and insufficiently heat-treated pork meat is a possible route of transmission of this microorganism. In our studies on the presence of Helicobacter suis DNA in various parts of pig carcasses immediately after slaughter determined that DNA samples in 26.7% of bacterial were found on the oral mucosa, 13.3% – along the neck lines section, 6.6% - thoracic section and 0% – hock section. According to the available literature the isolation of Helicobacter suis by the bacteriological method presents great difficulties and the detection of nucleic acids of the microorganism remains as one of the few available diagnostic methods. To detect the DNA of living Helicobacter suis in pork we used the protocol for processing pork samples with ethidium monoazide in combination with PCR to study pig meat (pork neck) from various manufacturers purchased on the shelves of Kazan markets. As a result, the DNA of living Helicobacter suis was found in 0.5% of the samples.

The review article discusses the main clinical signs of paralysis of the larynx and pathological changes associated with it and other neurological pathologies. These hereditary canine neuropathies form a group of degenerative diseases affecting motor and/or sensory and autonomic peripheral nerves and have similar symptoms.Axonal forms associated with generalized polyneuropathy and paralysis of the larynx have been described in several dog breeds: Dalmatians, Alaskan Malamutes, Rottweilers, Labrador Retrievers, Leonbergers, St. Bernards, Italian Spinols, Pyrenean Mountain Dogs, Podhale Sheepdogs, Cocker Spaniels, Great Danes, American Staffordshire Terriers, Staffordshire Bull Terriers, Bouvier de Flandres, Siberian Huskies and Siberian Husky crosses. Candidate genes for association with the disease are considered: ARHGEF10, RAPGEF6, ADAMTS3, CNTNAP1, DCTN1. The age of onset of the disease can be different, the manifestation of signs of paralysis of the larynx occurs both in young dogs, and the geriatric form also occurs. The prognosis of the complex of paralysis of the larynxpolyneuropathy is from cautious to unfavorable. One case of euthanasia due to intractable regurgitation and aspiration pneumonia has been described. Some authors point to a possible association of the disease with white coat color. Two main types of inheritance of paralysis of the larynx in dogs have been established - autosomal recessive and X -linked recessive. In humans, the dominant type of inheritance of this anomaly is known. Early diagnosis will make it possible to identify the hereditary nature of paralysis of the larynx, reduce the incidence of severe forms of the disease with timely surgical correction of the cartilage of the larynx and symptomatic treatment, as well as the spread of carriers of mutant alleles in dog populations. This is relevant today in connection with the spread of this anomaly in many breeds.

The search for formulations of radioprotective agents with different mechanisms of action is one of the promising areas in radiobiology. One of the components of the body's antioxidant system are glutathione peroxidases, selenium-dependent proteins capable of neutralizing reactive oxygen species and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. In addition, selenium is involved in the metabolism of thyroid hormones and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis of thyrocytes. The thyroid gland is involved in the regulation of metabolism, and also affects the functioning of many body systems. Consequently, the course and outcome of radiation pathology will depend on the functional state of the thyroid gland. Iodine is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. DAFS-25 is a feed additive for farm animals containing diacetophenonyl selenide (mass fraction of selenium is 25%). Monclavit-1 is a veterinary drug containing iodine in the form of a polymer complex. The combined use of selenium and iodine as a radioprotective agent is currently poorly understood. Thus, the purpose of this work was to evaluate changes in the concentration of malondialdehyde and the functional state of the thyroid gland in acute radiation injury against the background of the use of DAPS-25 and Monclavit-1.
In order to conduct the experiment on the principle of pairs of analogues, 5 groups of animals were formed, 10 individuals each. The determination of the concentration of malondialdehyde was carried out by the colorimetric method. The material selected for histological examination was fixed in a formalin solution, then dehydrated, paraffinized, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin.
The use of DAFS-25 and Monclavit-1 contributes to a decrease in the concentration of malondialdehyde in the blood of irradiated animals and a relative restoration of the histological structure of the thyroid gland on the 30th day of the experiment.

When keeping fur-bearing animals, it is necessary to take into account that these animals have increased motor activity when they are in natural biogeocinosis. Due to the fact that these representatives of fur-bearing animals are kept in conditions of inactivity, this can inevitably lead to changes in the structure of the cardiovascular system. The purpose of the study is to study the features of the course and branching of extraorgan veins of the organs of urination in Arctic foxes, to determine the morphometric data of these vessels. The objects for this study were the corpses of female arctic foxes of two age groups: newborns and three to four months, five in each group. To achieve this task, a set of traditional anatomical research methods was used. According to the results of the study, it was found that the course and branching of the extraorgan vessels of the organs of urination in female arctic foxes is different. The main outflow of blood from the kidneys are the right and left renal veins; from the ureter – the cranial and caudal branches of the ureter; from the tip of the bladder – the cranial cystic vein; from the body and the bottom of the bladder is the caudal cystic vein. It is also necessary to note the close relationship of the organs of urination with the reproductive system, since the left renal vein communicates with the ovarian. In addition, we have established the presence of rare valves in the veins of the ureters and bladder, and the absence of such in the vessels of the kidneys. Thus, based on linear parameters, it can be concluded that the diameter of the veins gradually increases with the growth of the animal, especially by the period of maturation and intensification of organs.

This study presents an anatomical and topographic justification for performing mandibular anesthesia in sheep. The study was conducted on the basis of the Department of Anatomy and Histology of Animals named after Professor A. F. Klimov of the Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology – MBA named after K. I. Scriabin. The object of the study was sheep of the Romanov breed (n=20) aged 1-2 years without pronounced signs of pathology of the dental apparatus. The material for the study was the lower jaws (n=20) and survey radiographs of the head area (n=20). To achieve this goal, a comprehensive methodological approach was used, including: anatomical dissection and macromorphometry with the determination of skeletotopic and linear parameters of the mandible. Mandibular anesthesia is one of the most common manipulations in animal dentistry. For high-quality anesthesia of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve, it is important to take into account the topical landmarks of the structures forming the mandibular canal. Based on the results of macromorphometry and rengenogrammetry, skeletotopic landmarks of the holes forming the mandibular canal are presented, which are important to take into account when performing anesthesia of the lower alveolar nerve. Comparative analysis of morphometric and rengenogrammetric parameters of the upper and lower jaws did not reveal significant differences in their linear parameters, which indicates the high informative value of the X-ray diagnostic method in assessing the morphofunctional state of the jaw bones and the channels located on them. The results obtained can be used in the development of new approaches to the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve during local anesthesia in veterinary and experimental dentistry.

The study of the secretory activity of the endocrine glands is one of the main methods for assessing their functional state and the health of animals in general. In the experiment, we studied the activity of thyroid and corticosteroid hormones in 20 healthy cats aged 1 to 14 years of different breeds and sexes. In the blood serum of the experimental animals, the concentration of total and free thyroxine, total and free triiodothyronine, adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol was determined by the enzyme immunoassay. The results of the study showed that the concentration of thyroid and corticosteroid hormones in the blood serum of cats differs markedly depending on age. the functional activity of the adrenal cortex is maximal in cats aged 5 months to 1 year (first group). Thus, in comparison with this group, the level of ACTH in the blood serum of cats of the second group (1-3 years old) significantly decreased by 15.8% (p≤0.05), the third (3-6 years old) and the fourth (animals over 6 years old). ) by 37.7 and 22.1%, respectively (p≤0.01). Also revealed a significant decrease in the concentration of cortisol in animals in the third and fourth groups by 22.1 and 26.8%, respectively, compared with the first group (p≤0.01). The least functional activity of the thyroid gland and adrenal cortex is observed in cats aged 6 years and older. The greatest functional activity of the adrenal cortex is observed in cats aged from 5 months to 1 year. The data obtained make it possible to more effectively detect disorders in the functioning of the thyroid and adrenal glands in animals, taking into account age-related changes.

Hyperkalemia is a marker of many disorders in different species of animals and birds, leading to a significant number of pathophysiological abnormalities. However, dogs have no literature data on the features of potassium metabolism and etiological causes of hyperkalemia in different breeds, especially when taking into account significant differences in size and conditions of keeping. The purpose of the presented study was to identify and assess the frequency of occurrence of etiological causes leading to the development of hyperkalemia in dogs of different breeds in the territory of the city. St. Petersburg with subsequent statistical processing of the obtained results.
In the presented study, the analysis of biochemical blood parameters of dogs of small breeds (Yorkshire Terrier, Toy Terrier, Pomeranian, dachshund, tsvergpincher, Chihuahua, Shih Tzu), large breeds (Labrador Retriever, German Shepherd, Dalmatian, American Staffordshire Terrier, Central Asian Shepherd, Husky) enrolled in private veterinary clinic of St. Petersburg in the summer-autumn period.
It was found that the most common causes of hyperkalemia in small breed dogs include chronic kidney disease (25%), oncological diseases (18%), infectious processes (pyometra) (14%), heart disease (14%). In dogs of large breeds, the main role in the development of hyperkalemia is played by diseases of the urinary system – 24% (of which chronic kidney disease - 14%, acute renal insufficiency – 5%, bacterial cystitis - 5%), endocrinopathy - 19% (of which diabetes mellitus – 14%, hypothyroidism - 5%), oncological diseases (19%), orthopedic disorders (19%), neurological disorders (14%).

Pig breeding is currently a fairly promising industry that is able to ensure the food security of citizens in the Russian Federation with meat, bacon and bacon products. By nature, the stomach of pigs is classified as a mixed type (esophageal-intestinal), and therefore there is a special interest in studying the histological structure of the stomach in newborn piglets. The purpose of our study is to study the histological patterns of the stomach wall of Yorkshire piglets in the age aspect, to clarify morphometric indicators and to characterize histostructures. As a result of the study, two age groups of piglets were used: newborn one-day-old piglets and 28-30 days of the postnatal period of ontogenesis. The histological method was used for the study. According to the results of the study, it was found that the stomach wall of Yorkshire piglets of two age groups is represented by three membranes: the mucosa, which borders on the submucosal base; muscle and serous membranes. The mucous membrane is represented by simple weakly branching tubular glands formed by the main, lining and accessory cells. At the age of 30 days, mucus-producing cells in the cardiac department were detected mainly in the deep parts of the mucosa, in the fundal they showed weak secretory activity throughout the branching tubular glands, and in the pyloric, as in the cardiac department, they were most often found in deep areas of the mucous membrane. Numerous nerve plexuses and ganglia were observed between the circular and longitudinal layers of smooth musculature in the thickness of the muscle membranes, occurring both in a oneday-old animal and at the age of 30 days. The serous lining of the stomach had a typical structure, was represented by loose connective tissue covered with mesothelium.

Embryonic development and formation of the bloodstream, namely the venous outflow highways of the shoulder and forearm area in the fetuses of black-and-white cows, in our opinion, are an urgent topic for study. Unfortunately, despite active measures to prevent limb injuries in animals, modern veterinary agricultural complexes continue to face periodic non-contagious diseases associated with limb injury. The cascade of reactions occurring in the body after an injury is inextricably linked with the venous system of fluid outflow from the limbs of animals. The corpses of fetuses of black-and-white cows aborted at the fifth month of pregnancy with no signs of infectious diseases were used as the studied material. In total, five fruits were examined, delivered from private farms of the Leningrad region. The following research methods were used: fine anatomical dissection, vasorentgenography, morphometry using an electronic caliper, measuring ruler and the RadiAnt DICOM Viewer program. As a result of the study, we found that in the fetuses of black-and–white cows at the fifth month of pregnancy, the outflow of venous blood from the shoulder and forearm area is carried out through the following vessels: the superficial venous trunk in the forearm area is formed by the additional subcutaneous vein and the subcutaneous vein of the forearm; the deep venous trunk is formed by the median radial vein, as well as the initial sections of the shoulder veins and median vein of the elbow. The largest diameter in the forearm area are the veins of the superficial trunk. This is due to the fact that it takes the bulk of the blood from the brush area. Venous valves are located more often in the vessels of the deep trunk than in the superficial trunk. This is due to their location and hemodynamic functions, as they contract more strongly than the surface ones. An extensive venous bed is necessary for the passage of a large amount of blood, so the diameter of the vessels of the deep trunk of the shoulder area is larger than the surface.

This article is a continuation of a series of studies devoted to a fairly new animal species for the Russian Federation – the water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus). This representative of the animal world was recorded not so long ago in the expanses of the Far Eastern taiga, but is already listed in the Red Book of Russia. The water deer spreads its habitat from China and Korea, which are traditional for it, and is still not numerous for our country, but it is already becoming an object of illegal extraction for poachers. The Diagnostic Center of the Primorsky State Agricultural Academy receives cadaverous material from a water deer for examination, as part of the investigation and legal proceedings, which also allows to study its morphology. In the process of forensic veterinary examination, standard methods for studying morphometric features of the organism are applied to the material. The organs are measured, photographed with a description of all the noted features. In the process of writing the article, we studied three hearts from animals of both sexes, aged 2-3 years. It was found that the morphometric parameters of the heart within the group varied slightly. The heart is well developed, the index corresponds to a spherical shape. The architectonics of myoendocardial formations is quite stable in its structure in animals of the studied group, they are recognizable when working with each new heart of a water deer. The heart of a water deer is rounded, with a pointed tip, has pronounced auricles of the atria, while the right one is slightly larger than the left one. The ratio of the thickness of the walls of the left and right ventricles is 2:1, respectively. Similar indicators of the walls of the atria vary slightly. The heart of a water deer is distinguished by a well-defined trabecular system, the scallop muscles of the atria and the fleshy trabeculae of the ventricles have a pronounced comblike structure. The absence of a caudal septomarginal trabecula in the right ventricle was noted, however, its role is performed by a network of tendon-shaped trabeculae located between the interventricular septum and the caudal wall, forming several tiers.

The article presents data on the anatomical structure of the quadriceps femoral muscle in a sheep of the Dagestan breed. The points of fixation and the degree of development of the heads of this muscle have been clarified, additions have been made to their classification by internal structure.
The research was carried out at the Department of Anatomy and Histology of Animals named after Professor A.F. Klimov of the Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology – MBA named after K.I. Scriabin. The material for the research was a sectional material – pelvic limbs (n=10), selected from adult sheep of the Dagestan mountain breed, without external signs of pathologies of the musculoskeletal system. It was found that the rectus head, at its proximal end, forms two tendon legs: the cranial leg is fixed in the slit–shaped "pit of the rectus femoris muscle", and the lateral leg is on the "lateral roughness" above the articular cavity of the ilium. Both legs, combining, enter the muscular abdomen, which allows you to type this muscle as a pinnate. The direction of the bundles of muscle fibers in the places of their fixation, allow us to assert that the lateral and medial heads of the quadriceps femoral muscle, in addition to the extension of the knee joint, also participate in its abduction and adduction, and also perform an optional function of hip flexors. Data on the topical features of anatomical formations on the pelvic (nameless) and femoral bones are presented – "the site of the lateral head of the quadriceps femoral muscle" on the large trochanter of the femur; "lateral roughness of the rectus femoris muscle" on the ilium.

At least one half of population of sport horses during life suffer from superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) pathologies, particularly tendinitis and tendinopathies. Etiology of these injuries differs, and their evolution depends on some morphological peculiarities and type of equestrian sport. Success in early detection of preclinical signs of tendinopathy plays a key role in diagnostics and effective treatment in order to preserve athletic potential of a horse. Although in terms of clinical assessment it is not always possible to detect these early pathological changes in tendon tissue without ultrasonography. In this situation elicitation of correlation between morphological and ultrasonic signs seems to be of great importance, because it adds diagnostic and prognostic value of an ultrasound assessment of a patient. Taking into account all mentioned above the aim this study is investigating morphological and ultrasound characteristics of SDFT in middle and distal parts at the cannon and in the area of fetlock joint in normal horses and dressage and show jumping horses with tendinitispathy. In the present study, methods of anatomical preparation and description were used, histological studies were carried out according to the generally accepted methodology, as well as ultrasonographic studies of sports horses using Mindray DС-70 device. Structural features of the SDF tendon were revealed, which explain the chronicity of the pathological process and predispose to incomplete regeneration of the tendon, leading to a deterioration in its functional characteristics and a decrease in the horse's performance. The data obtained deepen the understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of tendinopathy of the SDFT and allow more detailed interpretation of data obtained by ultrasonographic studies carried out during diagnostic procedures in sport horses, as well as adjusting treatment regimens.

Hemodynamics of blood through the heart is carried out in one direction, where the diastole of the heart is replaced by a systole, and promotes the movement of blood through the circulatory circles. An important role in this is played not only by the heart valves, which restrain the movement of blood into the atria (sash) and ventricles (aortic valve and pulmonary artery), but also by myoendocardial formations and respiratory motility organs. In the available literature, the specific features of the heart in different animal species have been determined, however, no descriptions of the anatomy of endocardial formations of the right ventricle of the heart have been found in males of the Siberian roe deer.
To assess the morphometric structures, hearts from 18-month-old Siberian roe deer males (n=3) obtained on the territory of the hunting grounds of the Irkutsk region were used. The heart has an ellipsoid shape, where the right ventricle is located above the level of the rounded tip of the left ventricle. Its internal structure is characterized by pronounced trabeculation, where two folding trabeculae are defined from the side of the free wall, which prevent the overgrowth of the fibrous ring. Among the relief of the right ventricle of the heart of the Siberian roe deer, four papillary muscles are distinguished – large, small, subterranean and additional, with certain morphological forms and indicators.
Muscles give up to 24-27 tendon strings to the valve flaps. The septomarginal trabecula connects the base of the large papillary muscle and the interventricular septum, and three to four tendon cords between the septum and the ventricular wall.
The greatest value of the height of the tricuspid valve flap was noted at the wall, and the width of the fastening and thickness at the partition flaps. The presence of two or three intermediate flaps was noted, which differ in smaller sizes (height - 9.5 ± 0.71; width – 10.2 ± 0.21 and thickness – 0.19 ± 0.01 mm).

The purpose of the research was to study the effect of gestational age on the state of the enzymatic link of antioxidant protection (AOP) of lipid peroxidation products (LPO) in cows with anemia syndrome and chronic systemic inflammation. Three (3) groups of cows were formed: group I (n=15) – healthy; group II (n=8) – with hypochromic microcytic anemia; group III (n=7) – with chronic systemic inflammation syndrome of low intensity. On days 150-160, 210-220 and 260-265 of gestation, blood samples were taken to study the indicators of LPO, AOP and endogenous intoxication. There were obtained the data on the peculiarities of the state of the LPO-AOP system in cows with various clinical states during gestation. It has been established that there is an inverse correlation between the period of gestation and catalase activity. A significant direct correlation of high strength with respect to the level of nitric oxide has also been revealed. In cows with anemia, less intense tendencies for an increase in nitric oxide have been noted, which may have an important role in the control of fetoplacental hemodynamics and saturation of the fetal blood with oxygen. In group I and II, the level of diene conjugates had a significant direct correlation of noticeable strength, but in group III, the binding strength increased and became high, which was reflected at the level of molecules of average molecular weight, detectable at a wavelength of 254 nm. Thus, with an increase in the duration of gestation, there is an increase in the LPO intensity, which is most pronounced in cows with a syndrome of chronic systemic inflammation of a low degree of intensity, as a result of which endogenous intoxication develops. At the same time, nitric oxide is less actively produced in cows with anemia that can lead to the development of fetoplacental insufficiency and hypoxic state of the fetus.

This article presents the results of a comparative assessment of the reproductive capacity rates of cows, which were inseminated at different time after anthrax vaccine. The studies were carried out on Black Pied cows at the age of 1-3 lactations. The first experimental group included animals, which were inseminated from the 1st to the 15th day after vaccination. The second group included cows, which were inseminated from the 16^th to the 30th day after vaccination. The animals, with the period from vaccination to insemination from 31 to 60 days, were the control group. The experimental animals were studied from a perspective of the insemination index, the duration of the service period and the percentage of animals, which were productively inseminated during the first heat after vaccination. A comparative analysis of the studied characteristics indicated that the largest insemination index, the longest service period and the smallest percentage of productively inseminated cows were established in the first experimental group. The insemination index in the first experimental group was 0.25 more than in the second experimental group and 0.41 more than in the control. The duration of the service period for the experimental groups was 137.7, 126.8 and 116.1 days. 18.0%, 57.6% and 60.6% of cows were productively inseminated during the first heat after vaccination, respectively. After doing some research, we came to the conclusion that the low reproductive capacity of cows of the first experimental group might be related to impaired embryogenesis and embryo implantation failure during the period of immune development. It was reflected in the animals of the first experimental group. In terms of reproductive capacity, animals of the second experimental group were close to the control group.

The purpose of the studies was to compare and evaluate the effect of different anesthesia protocols for operative delivery in dogs. The studies were performed on 60 pregnant females of different breeds aged 2 to 6 years, with an average weight of 22 ±4.6 kg. Animals were divided into three groups, 20 in each. Animals of the first group for the introduction and maintenance of general anesthesia used Propofol at a dose of 4-6 mg/kg. Animals of the second and third groups were introduced into anesthesia using inhalation anesthetics through a mask, then tracheal intubation was performed and general anesthesia was maintained by an anesthetic-respiratory apparatus. In the second group, Isoflurane 0.5 - 2.0 vol% was used as the main anesthetic; in the third group, Sevoflurane 1.0 - 2.0 vol%. Sevoflurane had the least impact, minimally deviating the studied parameters from the original data. The greatest changes were always observed when administered to anesthesia, manifesting as moderate and severe hypoxemia and hypercapnia. Analyzing the data obtained, we concluded that the use of inhalation anesthetics isoflurane and, in particular, sevoflurane, during caesarean section is preferable due to their less pronounced effect on gas composition and acid-base blood composition.

Serum biochemical analysis is a valuable diagnostic tool to evaluate the metabolic and health status of animals. Сcompared with females, the relationship between biochemical components of blood and the effectiveness of the male reproductive system have been poorly understood. The aim of the work was to determine the biochemical blood profile before the start and at the peak of the breeding season in male Saanen goats with differences in the manifestation of sexual behavior. Blood sampling from animals (n = 16) was carried out twice: before the start of the breeding season (4th week of July) and at the peak of the breeding season (4th week of September). In the blood serum, the concentration of total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, glucose, total cholesterol, total bilirubin was determined, as well as the activity of enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). At the end of the observation period, the animals were divided into groups: group I (n=10) - males with a full manifestation of sexual reflexes when taking sperm and group II (n=6) - individuals with incomplete manifestation of sexual reflexes. The biochemical profile of blood had features in males with differences in the manifestation of sexual behavior. At the peak of the breeding season in group I compared to group II in the blood of animals, the concentration of creatinine, triglycerides and total bilirubin increased by 37.4%, 170%, 48.3%, respectively (at least p<0.05). Before the mating period, the content of total bilirubin in the blood in group II was 63.9% higher than in group I (p<0.01) and 12.1% higher than the upper limit of the reference interval. We assume that an increase in the concentration of total bilirubin in the blood of males in the pre-mating period above the boundary of the reference interval is negatively associated with the full manifestation of sexual reflexes in the breeding season.

Prevention of cow mastitis remains an urgent problem in veterinary medicine. The majority of subclinical mastitis resulting from a violation of the milking regime, in the absence of adequate therapy, turn into a clinical form, complicated by the involvement of representatives of conditionally pathogenic microflora in the process. To prevent the development of such complications, agents that activate the cellular and humoral immunity system are used.
The article presents the results of a study of the use of biotinylated derivative of oxidized dextran (DOD) in the prevention of subclinical mastitis of cows.
The data obtained in the course of the work showed a high preventive effectiveness of DOD. In the experimental group, a dynamic decrease of somatic cells by 16.85% relative to the control was observed on day 4-5. Starting from the second administration of the drug, stable low values of somatic cells were observed in the experimental group, whereas in the control group animals were identified that respond positively to Kenotest, which together with an increase in somatic cells indicates the development of latent (subclinical) mastitis.

As a rule, due to the physiological characteristics of the functioning of the musculoskeletal system, amputation and prosthetics of the affected limbs of horses and ponies are not performed (for example, in case of fractures of the fetlock, metacarpal, metatarsal, radius or tibia). However, in some cases, modern achievements in the field of materials science make it possible not only to save the animal, but also to provide it with a completely comfortable existence. This is especially important when breeding animals are injured, the euthanasia of which is accompanied by significant economic losses and impoverishes the gene pool of the breeding stock of domestic stud farms. Dislocation of the hip joint in horses is quite rare, but it is a very common disease of the pelvic region. The disease is characterized by displacement of the femoral head from the articular cavity, as well as rupture of the ligaments of the joint and damage to its capsule.
The article contains an information about the successful experience of using modern polymeric materials used in the manufacture of an orthosis designed to compensate the difference in in the lengths of the pelvic limbs of a pony that arose after surgical resection of the femoral head. The text of the work includes an epicrisis and a description of the implementation of the design of the orthosis due to it: the elements of the orthopedic structure, the materials used, the timing and cost of manufacturing. The conclusion of the work concludes that the use of orthosis allowed: to significantly improve the quality of veterinary measures carried out; to provide the injured limb with a position as close as possible to the natural physiological one; to reduce the discomfort of the animal caused by the need to forge the injured limb during postoperative recovery. The success of professional collaboration in the implementation of an integrated approach to solving problems arising in the treatment and rehabilitation of animals, as well as in the performance of various interdisciplinary studies, is noted.

The article presents the results of treatment of experimental femur fractures of laboratory animals (outbred rats) against the background of the use of a biocomposite material based on synthetic hydroxyapatite, collagen and lincomycin hydrochloride (collapan-L) and an immunotropic drug from the group of synthetic dipeptides (thymogen).
During the experiment, biochemical, radiological and histological studies were carried out. It was shown that during the first week after the fracture, there were no significant changes in the groups. While for the period from 7 to 21 days (according to X-ray data), processes of reparative osteogenesis proceeded more intensively (on the 14^th day) in the 1st, 4th, and 5th groups than it did in the control, and 2nd and 3rd experimental groups. These changes are consistent with biochemical blood tests. The radiographs obtained on the 28th day had no significant differences.
On the 45th day after the surgery, the fibrocartilage callus forming in the group where both drugs were used simultaneously (thymogen ‒ immediately after the surgery) proceeded more pronouncedly compared to other groups. Thus, on radiographs, the fracture line was barely noticeable, which indicates more actively occurring processes of osteogenesis. These assumptions are also consistent with the level of calcium in the blood serum, as well as with histological studies. Thus, on the 45th day after the surgery, the fibrocartilage callus consisted of 60.2 ± 2.1% of bone tissue, which was 4.9% higher than in the control group and 9.39% higher than the impact of the mechanical factor (rupture resistance).
Thus, the results of the studies on rats with experimental femoral fractures made it possible to establish that the combined use of the tested drugs contributes to a more intensive process of reparative osteogenesis (in the 4th experimental group).

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the occurrence of anterior synechiae and the localization of a burn wound of the cornea. For this purpose, 10 male Wistar rats were selected, one year old, with an average weight of 200 grams (two experimental groups of 5 rats each). Wounds were inflicted on animals injected into sevoflurane anesthesia by touching the cornea with the tip of a copper rod having 1.0 mm in diameter and heated to t – 480-500 °C. The required degree of burn was achieved by the time of contact of the thermal source with the cornea and was monitored visually with an increase of 4-6 times. A 10% lidocaine solution was used for local anesthesia. 1.0% atropine solution was used to remove the iris from the zone of phlogogen exposure. Corneal wounds were inflicted on rats in the first experimental group in the central region, and on rats in the second experimental group in the projection area of the iris.
The observation was carried out for three weeks with constant monitoring and photodocumentation of the wound condition using a microscope "jingleszcn 315W" at magnification x 6.0. The study was carried out before instillation of atropine and 10.0 minutes after.
The experiment showed that significant differences in the course of the wound process were observed by day 15, there were no anterior synechiae in the experimental group 1, while in animals in the experimental group 2, the reaction of the iris to atropine shows the inability to open the pupil evenly around the circumference, which indicates the presence of a adhesion process.
Thus, the results of the conducted studies have shown that the probability of the development of iridocorneal synechiae depends on the location of the inflammatory process on the cornea.

Sexual traumatism is widespread in case of loose maintenance of bulls on feedlots. When sexual activity appears, especially at the age of 7-10 months, when puberty causes aggression, they inflict various injuries on each other. In the back area, there are wounds and abrasions, injuries of the penis and prepuce, in the form of abrasions, wounds of the mucous membrane, ruptures of the persisting frenulum, ruptures of the rectum, etc.
The task of veterinary specialists of farms is to create conditions under which traumatism will decrease. This is the formation of a herd of cattle, castration of bulls on fattening, etc. In view of the anatomical features of the structure of the genitals of bulls, castration of these animals is more often carried out in a bloody open way "on a cliff", which is sometimes complicated by bleeding from the stump of the spermatic cord. Therefore, improving the technique of surgery to prevent possible complications is an urgent area of research. The purpose of our work was to develop a method of torsion of the blood vessels of the spermatic cord during castration of bulls.
The work was carried out in the conditions of the PSKHK "Alexandrovsky" of the Myasnikovsky district of the Rostov region. At the same time, three groups of bulls were formed and various methods of torsion of the blood vessels of the severn cord during castration of males were tested. In the course of the experiment, the advantages and disadvantages of various methods of surgery were revealed and, in our opinion, the optimal method of castration of bulls was proposed.
When castrating bulls in an open way, the method of torsion of blood vessels proposed by us does not require additional fixation of the spermatic cords when they break, which simplifies the technique of surgery, reduces the likelihood of postoperative complications, reduces the time of the operation. Our proposed method is easily feasible in production conditions, facilitates the work of veterinary specialists during mass castration and does not cause complications in the form of bleeding from the stump of the hay rope, rupture of blood vessels and nerves above the place of twisting of the spermatic cord.

Volvulus of the large colon is one of the most severe diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in horses. Without surgical treatment of this pathology, the mortality of horses reaches 100%. The success of surgical treatment depends on the complexity of the pathology, the time since the onset of the disease, the patient's condition before surgery. Operations in this pathology are impossible without general multimodal anesthesia. However, the anesthetic support of such patients is often accompanied by a large number of complications due to hemodynamic and metabolic disorders in the body, as a result of strangulation and stretching of the intestinal wall, abdominal compartment syndrome, as well as the impossibility of full stabilization of the patient's condition due to the need to perform the operation as soon as possible. This article discusses our experience of anesthetic management in the surgical treatment of horses diagnosed with volvulus of the large colon with and without lidocaine, the effect of lidocaine on the patient's condition during general anesthesia, recovery from anesthesia, and the occurrence of postoperative complications. The material for the article was data from twelve patients who underwent surgery for the elimination of volvulus of the large colon at the Forside Veterinary Clinic in the period 2021-2023. During the analysis of the data obtained, it was revealed that with the inclusion of infusion at a constant rate of lidocaine at a dosage of 2 mg/kg per hour in the protocol of multimodal anesthesia, the concentration of isoflurane decreased by an average of 1%, and the use of tiletamine-zolazepam became irrelevant. This made it possible to reduce the time of recovery from anesthesia and recovery of patients in the soft box, as well as the number of postoperative complications associated with general anesthesia, such as paralytic ileus and myopathy, even in patients with severe hemodynamic disturbances in the preoperative period. A lethal outcome was recorded in two out of six operated horses, in the anesthetic protocol of which lidocaine was not used. In patients with the use of lidocaine in the anesthesia protocol, a lethal outcome was recorded in one case out of six. Thus, after the inclusion of constant-rate infusion of lidocaine into the anesthesia protocol, the mortality rate was halved, from 30 to 15%.

Articular cartilage is a connective tissue biomechanically, so the absence of blood vessels, nerves, lymph flow and low metabolism causes its slow and delayed regeneration. Therefore, it is very important to use the correct treatment methods for cartilage healing. Рurpose of study: Investigating the effect of plasma jet on rabbit knee cartilage regeneration. The present research was conducted on 12 New Zealand white adult male rabbits weighing approximately 2.0-2.5 kg. In order to prepare the knee cartilage, its debridement was sanitized by chondrectomy with scraping method in all three treatment groups. After three weeks of treatment, the rabbits were euthanized and the amount of cartilage regeneration was recorded macroscopically and by recording images, and samples were fixed in 10% formalin for histopathology test. The commonly used in pathology laboratories staining method was chosen. Observation and measurement of articular cartilage thickness was done with eye graticule. And at the end, the obtained data were analyzed statistically. The results obtained in the present study indicated that the use of plasma jet method improves the cartilage tissue in such a way that by examining the histopathological sections, it was found that the articular cartilage in the plasma jet group caused the formation of fibrocartilage tissue in the place of injury. Plasma jet has a positive effect on rabbit cartilage regeneration.

As a result of a scientific and economic experiment conducted in the conditions of the industrial pig complex of Bryansk Meat Processing Plant LLC in Vygonichi district, the effectiveness of the use of iron–containing preparations Ferrolong and Ferzaks-forte for the prevention of alimentary anemia of pregnant sows and piglets was studied. The object of the study was pregnant sows of a large white breed with an average live weight of 150-160 kg at the age of two years, and piglets obtained from them. At the first stage of the research, two groups of sows were formed, 3 heads each. 15 days before farrowing, the sows of the experimental group received the drug Ferrolong (iron content III 200 mg/ml, vitamin B12 - 0.1 mg/ml) at a dose of 4 ml intramuscularly. Sows of the control group did not receive injections of iron-containing preparations.The effect of the drugs on the growth and safety of piglets, on biochemical (iron, total iron binding capacity of serum (OHSS), % saturation of transferrin) and hematological parameters was analyzed. Based on the conducted step-by-step studies, it was found that the introduction of Ferrolong 15 days before farrowing stimulates hematopoiesis in sows, but does not significantly affect the red blood indicators of suckling piglets. Intramuscular administration of Ferrolong to piglets at a dose of 1 ml in the first three days of life is accompanied by a pronounced antianemic effect, and is characterized by a high content of hemoglobin in erythrocytes and a saturation coefficient of serum transferrin. This scheme is recommended for the prevention of iron deficiency anemia in the household. Ferzaks-forte, due to its vitamins, has a broader effect on metabolic processes, but laboratory indicators indicate that a single intramuscular injection of this drug is not enough to prevent anemia.

Atopic dermatitis is a widespread dermatological disease of dogs, which is caused by the production of immunoglobulin E and accompanied by dermatological lesions. One of the ways to treat this disease is allergen-specific immunotherapy. The purpose of the study was to identify the main causative aeroallergens in dogs with atopic dermatitis and to analyze obtained results (both in relation to individual allergens and their groups). The study, which was conducted on the basis of a veterinary clinic in St. Petersburg, involved 72 dogs that were previously diagnosed with atopic dermatitis. Animals underwent intradermal injection of 29 allergens solutions. The test results were documented and statistically processed using the MS Excel 2007 computer program. The most significant groups of causative aeroallergens were dust mites and plants, which accounted for 55.5% and 29.0% of all reactions to allergens, respectively. The most significant groups of causative aeroallergens were dust mites and plants, which accounted for 55.5% and 29.0% of all reactions to allergens, respectively. The most frequently reported individual allergens were: Lepidoglyphus destructor (storage mites; 80%), Dermatophagoides farina (house dust mites; 76.9%) and Acarus siro (grain mites; 60%). On average, one animal had a reaction to 4.6 allergens (from 1 to 14); 7 dogs had no reaction to any of the allergens. Sensitivity to such plants as Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), Ligustrum (Privet) and Elytrigia repens (Couch grass) was found least of all.

The new living conditions that animals get into in the early neonatal period are associated with diseases caused by maintenance and feeding, as well as untimely veterinary treatments for both mothers and newborns. Therefore, it is extremely important to introduce ingredients into their diet that contribute to successful adaptation. The aim of the research was to study the effect of the feed additive «Tanamin Zn» on the leukocyte formula of blood and the manifestation of diarrhea syndrome in calves. During the experiment, the experimental animals-analogues were divided into groups. The experiment was carried out on calves of the black-and-white breed (Bessonovsky type) in the conditions of the collective farm-stud farm named after V.Ya. Gorin, Belgorod region. Groups (12 heads in each) were formed taking into account origin, sex, live weight (LW) and age. The I-K – control group included calves who received the main diet (MD), and the II group included calves who received, in addition to MD, tanamine Zn at a dose of 0,05 g / kg of live weight / day during the entire dairy period (60 days). It was found that the total number of leukocytes during feeding (1;30;60 days) of the supplement and during the aftereffect (90 days) was within the physiological norm with different directions of changes in the number of eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. In addition, we have shown a decrease in the manifestations of diarrhea syndrome in calves of the experimental group in the first decade of life compared with the control by 25,0%, and its duration by 35,7%. The obtained research results were processed using the Microsoft Excel 2010 computer program using Student's criterion. The results were considered significant from p≤0.05.

Sows in industrial complexes are affected by etiological factors leading to the development of liver pathologies (hepatopathy). The study of their distribution in sows on the basis of an in vivo study of the biochemical composition of the blood determines the relevance of the work.
In order to clearly judge the prevalence of liver diseases in sows, three age groups of animals were defined: sows with one farrowing (pregnant replacement gilts), sows with 2 -3 farrowings and sows with 4 or more farrowings. Each age group included 100 sows and 100 suckling sows (total 600 animals). The selection of animals for blood sampling was carried out randomly.
Sows in conditions of industrial complexes are affected by etiological factors that lead to the development of liver pathologies (hepatopathies). The study of their distribution in sows on the basis of intravital study of biochemical composition of blood causes the relevance of the work. In the blood of sows biochemical indices of inflammatorymesenchymal, cytolytic, hepatodepressive and cholestatic syndromes were determined. When interpreting the obtained indices, sows with changes in the biochemical composition of blood characterizing these syndromes were determined.
The number of animals with biochemical changes in the blood characteristic of liver pathology increased among gestating and lactating sows with increasing number of farrows. The number of animals with hepatopathies in pregnant sows has increased from 20% in nursing pigs to 81% in animals which farrow 4 and more pigs, and in suckling sows from 34% to 85%. At the same time, with an increase in the number of farrows among sows with biochemical changes in the blood, which characterize the development of hepatopathies, the number of animals with blood parameters indicating the development of hepatosuppression and "oppression" of the synthetic function of the liver increases. Hepatosuppression was detected in 10% of cases in repair pigs, in sows with one farrowing, in 41.2% of cases. In gestating and lactating sows with 4 and more farrows, 92.6 and 92.9%, respectively.

Studies of the heart of cattle are important in veterinary practice due to insufficient attention to heart diseases in this type of animal of the Jersey cow breed. The heart is important for the animal organism, which provides a balance between the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. During the experiment, the animals were divided into four groups according to the stress index and the initial vegetative tone. The stress index (TI) is an indicator that most fully informs about the degree of stress of the compensatory internal mechanisms of the body, as well as the level of functioning of the central circuit of heart rhythm regulation. An analysis of the cardiovascular system of animals was carried out according to R.M. Baevsky, sinus heart rate was recorded with subsequent analysis of the structure. The studies were carried out using the modern complex electrocardiographic laboratory "CONAN 4.5" developed at the Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov at the Department of Higher Nervous Activity. A comparative analysis of the numerical characteristics of electrophysiological indicators was carried out. Based on these data, the breed characteristics of the Jersey cows were established. Analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) is a widely used method in medical practice to assess autonomic regulation and the state of the heart. Mathematical analysis of the electrocardiogram allows you to determine the indices and identify the state of the autonomic nervous system. An important role is played by the issue of meeting the needs of the population in dairy products. For this reason, the livestock industry is developing rapidly. However, when improving dairy cattle breeding, it is necessary to take into account the physiological capabilities and characteristics of animals at all stages of their ontogenesis. The study of the cardiovascular system is of great importance in veterinary medical and preventive work.

Lymphoma is the most common malignant neoplasm in cats. Without treatment, mortality is about 40-75% within 4-8 weeks after diagnosis. In this regard, this pathology requires chemotherapy in almost all cases. The aim of the work is to compare the effectiveness of conservative treatment regimens for alimentary lymphoma in cats. The objects of the study were cats of different breeds with an established diagnosis of alimentary lymphoma aged from 2 to 16 years, with an average live weight at the time of admission of 3.9 kg. To conduct a comparative analysis of the conservative treatment of alimentary lymphoma, experimental groups were compiled: I (n=10) – patients with I/HGAL receiving treatment according to the CHOP protocol, II (n=10) - patients with I/HGAL receiving treatment according to the COP protocol. The therapeutic efficacy of the applied conservative treatment regimens was 80% for both groups. The median survival in the 1st experimental group was 60% higher and amounted to 452.10±201.26 days versus 282.00±110.90 days in the second experimental group. Long-term results were better for patients in the first group: survival rate of more than 1 year is 60% in the first group and 30% in the second group, more than 2 years is 30% in the first group and 0% in the second group. The frequency of moderate complications was higher for 1 experimental group, and severe complications were observed with the same frequency in both groups. It follows from this that the toxicity of the CHOP protocol is undoubtedly higher than COP.